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April 10, 2023 1
BRIDGES
TEAM 6GuiDE: ASST. PROF. PREETI GHOSHDEEWAS KHARKA, 1111064SUBHAM KUMAR RAY, 1111021PENCHEN LEPCHA, 1111072
April 10, 2023 2
INTRODUCTIONBridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles such as a body of water, valley, or road, for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle without closing the gap below. Bridge building is not a new science. The sophistication in bridge building technology has been developing since the human civilization.
Figure 1: a) Simplest bridge b) The Pamban Bridge
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IMPORTANCE OF BRIDGESConnects Difficult TerrainsEasy Trade and Transportation of GoodsReduces Travelling TimeMilitary usePolitical and Economic importanceLess Emission due to displacement
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COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
Figure 2:
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CLASSIFICATION OF BRIDGES
According to the flexibility of superstructure
According to the position of bridge floor
According to the inter-span relations
According to the form or type of superstructure
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LOADING ON BRIDGES Dead LoadLive LoadBuoyancy Pressure Centrifugal forceEarth PressureSeismic loadWater pressure Wind loadThermal forces
Figure 3: Live Load
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AESTHETICS OF BRIDGESExternal appearanceInternal viewSequential View
GUIDELINES:
1)Beauty and Stability2)Bridge and
Environment Integration
3) Material Choice4)Moderate Lightings
Figure 4: Aesthetics of a bridge
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STEEL BRIDGESteel is largely used in construction of bridge
for short as well as long spans.Steel has been recognized as economic
option for a range of bridges; for long span bridges, railway bridges, footbridges, and medium span highway bridges.
The world’s first cast iron bridge was built at Telford, in 1779, by Abraham Darby .
Steel bridges now have a proven life span extending to well over 100 years.
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Classification of steel bridgesSteel bridges are classified according to:the type of traffic carriedthe type of main structural systemthe position of the carriage way relative to
the main structural system
Figure 5: Steel Bridge
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REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGERCC bridges are the earliest form of bridges.
They are easy to construct. Arches are preferable where Bending
moment is more and they are easy to design.
Site Selection for RCC Bridge1) Straight reach of the stream 2) Good foundation3) Well defined firm banks4) Minimum width of crossing5) Approaches
Figure 6: RCC Bridge
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Its not always possible to provide straight deck, when horizontal curves are to be provided the following design speed is to be considered:
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SUSPENSION BRIDGE A suspension bridge is a type of bridge in
which the deck (the load-bearing portion) is hung below suspension cables on vertical suspenders.
First Suspension bridge was built in 1433, in eastern Bhutan by Thangtong Gyalpo.
Suspension bridge is generally preferred when the span is more than 200 m for roadway or 300 m for light traffic like motors.
There are two types of suspension bridge:Un-stiffened deck type suspension bridgeStiffing girder type suspension bridge
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Components of a suspension bridge
Figure 7: Components of a suspension Bridge
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Comparison of RCC, Steel & Suspension bridges:Suspension Bridge
Steel Bridge RCC Bridge
Steel Cables, concrete or steel deck used as construction materials.
Steel frames and concrete deck.
Reinforced cement concrete
Better to withstand earthquake movements than heavier and more rigid bridges.
Steel can fully meet the structural requirement with even small sections.
Arches are preferred where more bending moments occur.
Maintenance cost is high as the cables needs to be changed
Maintenance against the rusting of steel has to be done regularly which increases the cost of maintenance
Their cost of maintenance is very small.
Installation takes time.
Quick Installation. Takes longest time for installation.
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BRIDGE FAILURE When a bridge collapses , many lives are put
at risk.Bridge collapse is one of the most dangerous
types of structural failure that can occur.Causes of Bridge failure1. Earthquake2. Fire3. Boat impact 4. Flood5. Construction accidents6. Manufacturing defects7. Design defects8. Poor maintenance
Figure 8: Bridge Failure
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MAINTENANCE OF BRIDGES1. The bearings of girders should be coated
with oil from time to time.2. The floor system of approaches and
bridges should be properly maintained.3. The entire drainage system should be
inspected for its proper functioning.4. The movement of foundations, if any,
should be carefully inspected and all attempts should be made to stop such further movement.
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LANDMARK BRIDGES OF INDIA1) The Bandra–Worli Sea Link
Official name: Rajiv Gandhi Sea LinkCarries: 8 lanes of trafficDesign: Cable-stayed Length: 5.6 km Width: 40 mOpened: 30 June 2009
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2) The Howrah BridgeOfficial name: Rabindra SetuCarries: 8 lanes of roadDesign: Cantilever
Length: 705 m Width: 21.6 mOpened: 3 Feb 1943
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3) The Saraighat Bridge
Official Name: Saraighat Carries: Rail cum RoadDesign: TrussMaterial: SteelLength: 1.49 kmWidth: 7.31 mOpened: 7 June 1963
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CONCLUSIONBridges connect destinations. Bridges are
assets to mankind and have to last for generations as the construction of bridge influences the whole ecosystem and the change is permanent. So proper planning to adapt the bridge into the natural ecosystem has to be done. The scope of Bridge Engineering is ever booming and technology used in bridge building is also getting sophisticated.
April 10, 2023 22
BIBLIOGRAPHY S. Ponnuswamy (Guest faculty IIT Madras )., “Bridge Engineering”
Tata McGrwaw-Hill. 2nd Edition, 2008 Prof. S.R Satish Kumar and Prof. A.R Santha Kumar (IIT Madras)., “
Design of steel structure Journal” , 2006. S.C Rangwala and K.S Rangwala., “ Bridge Engineering” Charotar
Publishing House. 14th Edition ,2012. B.L Gupta and Amit Gupta., “Road, Railways, Bridges, Tunnels &
Harbour Dock Engineering” Standard Publishers.7th Edition, 2009. S. Ramamrutham., “Design of RCC Structures”., Dhanpat Rai
Publishing, 14th Edition ,1989-1999 S.S. Bavikatti., “Structure Analysis”., Vikas Publishing House. 14th
Edition, 2011. Madan Mohan Das, Bhargab Mohan Das and Mimi Das Saikia.,
“Structure Analysis”., PHI Publication. 1st Edition, 2011. Internet surfing
www.wikipedia.com www.pbs.org www.design-technology.org www.britannica.com www.steelconstruction.info www.tatasteelconstruction.com
April 10, 2023 23
THANKYOU