Breeding methods in chick peaSubmitted to: Dr. Naeem

AkhterSubmitted by: Rameesha

saleem

• Predominately self pollinated

• Cross pollination up to 1%

Chick pea

Breeding Objectives

• Breeding for higher yield• Breeding for extended adaptation of

chickpea• Breeding for resistance to biotic stress• Breeding for resistance to abiotic stress• Identification of stable form of male

sterility

Breeding chick pea

• Creation of genetic variationIntroductionHybridization

Selection of parentsCrossing techniquesHandling of segregating populations

Mutation

• Selection within that variation

• Evaluation of selected lines

Introduction

Introduction is generally facilitated by the following ways:

• Exchange of material with fellow plant breeders

• Exploration of areas showing rich variation of the species

• Obtaining generic resources from international institutes/organizations

Hybridization

The objective of hybridization is to combine desirable traits from two or more parents into a single cultivar.

Selection of parentsWhen the aim is to replace the existing variety

with a superior one, the existing variety with adaptation to the local environment is a logical choice as one parent. The second parent must be so chosen that it complements the first parent.

If creation of variation for the desired traits is the objective, then diverse parents are selected.

Crossing Techniques• success of the

artificial hybridization ranges from 10% to 50%

The success rate of artificial hybridization can be increased by:• Selection of large flower buds• Selection of lateral buds rather than the terminal ones

• Avoiding mechanical injury to the floral parts at the time of emasculation and pollination

• Attempting hybridization after the formation of the first pod.

• Under low temperature emasculation is done in the afternoon and pollination in the next morning.

• I n case of high temperature followed by immediate pollination is recommended.

• Hybridization involves: SINGLE CROSS: used to transfer resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses. 26 for wilt resistance, 9 for large seed, 8 for blight resistance, 8 for wide adaptation over rain fed and sometimes irrigated conditions,6 for high yield mainly of Kabuli types and 5 for late sowing varieties have been developed by single crosses.

THREE WAY CROSSES: The progenies of three-way crosses are more variable with wide genetic base than single crosses. Varieties developed by three way crosses include BGD72([BG256 × E100Y] × BG256) and C214([G24 × IP58] × G24).

MULTIPLE CROSSES: The cultivars developed from multiplecrosses are expected to have wider adaptation for a range of environments. Varieties developed by multiple crosses include ICCV2([K850 × GW5/6 × P48] ×[L550 × Guamchil 2]) and SG2 ([E100Y × P436] × [L550 × F378]).

Handling of segregating populations

Selection methods used involve:

• Pedigree method: for selection for resistance to biotic stresses.

• Bulk method: used for the development of high yielding and short duration varieties.

• Single seed descent method: for selection of traits such as drought tolerance and winter hardiness.

• Marker assisted selection: marker assisted selection has been effectively used for selection of ascocyta blight and fussarium wilt resistance, using RAPD and SSR markers.

• Modified bulk method: for selection of traits such as abiotic stresses, seed size, earliness and plant type.

Mutation breeding

Following considerations should be taken into account for mutation-breeding programs:

• Most mutation are recessive so selection is made in M2 and for polygenic traits selection is done in M3.

• Beneficial mutations occur at very low frequencies.

• Mutations are randomly induced.• Mutations are recurrent.• Mutations have mostly plieotropic effects.

Both radiation and chemical mutagens are used for the purpose.

• Ionizing radiation

Particulate radiation: alpha rays, beta rays, fast and thermal neutrons

Non-particulate radiation: x-rays,and gamma rays

• Non-ionizing radiation: ultraviolet (UV) radiation

• Alkylating agents: sulphur and nitrogen mustards, epoxides, ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS),methyl methane sulphonate (MMS) etc.

• Acridine dyes: acriflavine, proflavine, Acridine orange, Acridine yellow, ethidium bromide

• Base analogues: 5- bromouracil, 5-chlorouracil

• Others: nitrous acid, hydroxyl amine, sodium azide

Following are a few varieties developed in Pakistan using mutation breeding:

CM-72: a high yielding and blight resistant variety (derivative 6153 at 150Gy dose of gamma rays) was released in 1983 for general cultivation.

CM-1918: an Ascochyta blight resistant and high yielding mutant line (derivative of 6153 at 150 Gy dose of gamma rays) developed at NIAB was approved for general cultivation in NWFP as NIFA-88 in 1991.

CM-88: tolerant to both blight and wilt diseases varieties (derivative of c727 at 100 Gy dose of gamma rays) was released for general cultivation in 1994.

CM-98: a bold seeded, high yielding and disease resistant variety (derivative of k850 at 300 Gy dose of gamma rays) was released in 1998.

CM-2000: a Kabuli type (beige color seed) variety (derivative of ILC 195 at 150 Gy of gamma rays) was released for general cultivation in 2000.

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