Blue biotechnology Technology in Color Blue!

Niranjana Menon2016 – 11 - 109

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Blue biotechnology is the application of molecular biological methods

to marine and freshwater organisms

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Important marine sources and research areas

Research area Marine source Aims

Food Algae, invertebrates, fishes

Development of innovative methodsTo increase aquaculture productionZero waste recirculation systems

Energy Algae Biofuel productionBiorefineries

Health Algae, sponge, microorganisms To find novel bioactives

Environment Marine organismsBiosensing technologies for marine environment monitors Non-toxic antifouling technology

Industrial products Algae Production of marine biopolymers for

food, cosmetics, and health

[Springer Handbook of Marine Biotechnology]

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Tools & diagnostics

for reproduction & growth

Genetics, physiology, biochemistry, ecology

Bioactive compounds- function &

mode of action

Role of Blue Biotechnology

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How does it relate to industry and agriculture? 

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Marine biotechnology securing food supply To satisfy the growing demand for high quality and healthy

products from fisheries and aquaculture in a sustainable way. Intensive aquacultureExamples

Marine derived food additivesMarine derived nutraceutics Marine derived E-numbersMarine biotechnological progresses in aquaculture

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Marine biotechnology securing alternative sources of renewable energy

ExamplesProduction of biofuel from macroalgaeProduction of oil from microalgaeResearch priorities to improve microbial enhanced oil

recovery

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Marine biotechnology securing human healthExamples

Marine derived anticancer drugsMarine derived painkillersMarine derived antibioticsMarine derived cosmetics

The sponge Stylissa massa produces an unusual compound palau'amine, with antimicrobial activity

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Marine biotechnology securing industrial products and processes

GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) from jellyfish (Aequorea

victoria) and luciferase enzyme from Vibrio fischeri have

widespread applications in molecular biology as a reporter

protein.

Shrimp alkaline phosphatase and other marine derived

enzymes with unique heat labile properties used to simplify

molecular biology reactions like PCR and others

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ExamplesMarine derived enzymesMarine derived biopolymersMarine derived biomaterials

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Marine biotechnology securing environmental healthExamples

Marine derived antifouling strategies Marine habitat restoration Bioremediation of marine ecosystemsBiosensing Biostimulation Bioaugmentation

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Application of blue biotechnology Aquaculture Transgenic Disease Resistance Conservation Seaweeds and their Products Pharmaceuticals Enzymes Biomolecules Bioremediation

Aquaculture

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Substantial commercialization of aquaculture Improve:

HealthReproductionDevelopment and growth

of aquatic organisms

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Transgenic fish Production of transgenic fish much easier than producing other transgenic

mammals Fish produce a large number of eggs can generate large quantities of

genetically uniform material for experimentation Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) 500,015,000 eggs Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) 1, 00,000 eggs

First successful case of transgenic fish was reported by Zhu et al., 1985 - microinjected the human GH gene into the fertilized eggs of goldfish (Carassius auratus L.)

Followed by successful introduction of human GH gene into the genome of the loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) with resulting transgenic fish that grew 3 to 4.6 times faster than the control within the first 135 d (Zhu et al.,1986).

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Chinook salmonOcean pout

AquAdvantage salmon

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A patented brand of genetically modified (GM) fluorescent Zebra fish (Danio rerio) with bright red, green, and orange fluorescent colors

GloFish TM are available in six striking colors:Starfire Red®

Cosmic Blue®

Electric Green®

Galactic Purple®

Sunburst Orange®

Moonrise Pink®

GloFish™

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Transgenic Growth-Enhanced Tilapia

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Current and potential applications of transgenic fish

Growth enhancement Freeze resistance and cold tolerance Salinity tolerance Disease resistance Metabolic modification Improved product for the consumer Fishpharming production of pharmacological proteins

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Disease Resistance A major limitation - outbreak of disease - farmed fish are

generally cultured at high densities and under stress - bacterial infection (Hew et al.,1995).

Example catfish industry - Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

Antibiotics -- limited number have been approved for use in aquaculture

Introduction of disease resistance genes from wild spp. or other sources

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Conservation  United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

(UNCLOS)

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Molecular tools can be used to identify and characterize important aquatic germplasm including many endangered species. These tools have made it possible to analyze the genomes of many aquatic species. They have also helped us understand the molecular basis of gene regulation, expression and sex determination. This can improve the methodologies for defining species, stocks and populations.

Such molecular approaches include: Developing marker-assisted selection technologies Improving precision and efficiency of transgenic techniques DNA fingerprinting to know polymorphism in fish stocks Improving technologies for cryopreservation of gametes and

embryos 

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Seaweeds and their products Nutraceuticals (food) Biodiesel Stabalizing agents - Chondrus crispus Bioremediation - Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb Pollution indicator Production of Hydrogen -

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Single cell protein

Tofu - Japanese cuisine

Gel electrophoresis

SCP - Chlorella

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Fuels from algae

Renewable and no damage to the environment. Biomass can be converted by bacteria to fuels such as methane. Dunaliella is an alga that can produce glycerol, which can be

converted by bacteria to chemicals such as ethanol and butanol, which can be used as fuels.

Algae may also be genetically modified to make gasoline-type fuels.

Algal food products

Microalgae (green algae and cyanobacteria): mostly as food, but also used as pigment sources such as β-carotene.

Algae such as Spirulina and Chlorella are of much nutritional value.

Spirulina is marketed today as dried flakes that are used in fish food and Japanese food.

Spirulina – SCP, capsules for space researchers Phycobiliproteins are pigments involved in algal

photosynthesis, and can be used as phycofluors, which can label biological molecules.

ICAR - CMFRI patented products and techniques

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Shore pearl culture technology

Green mussels extract (GMe) for

arthritis

Hatchery technology for clown fish

Pharmaceuticals

Research on the use of collagen from marine invertebrates in wound healing and product development

Taq DNA polymerase - Thermus aquaticus

Pfu DNA polymerase - Pyrococcus furiosus

DNA ligase - Thermococcus fumicolans

GFP - Aequorea victoria

Shrimp alkaline phosphatases - Pandalus borealis

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Enzymes

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Bioremediation Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty, an Indian - born scientist

working at GE in the 1960’s and 1970’s, developed the multi-

plasmid hydrocarbon - degrading Pseudomonas and

patented it in 1971.

First time anyone had patented a living organism.

Pseudomonas putida - degrades the hydrocarbon present in oil

spliis

Examples of market level marine - derived productsProducts Source Application

Ara-A Marine sponge AntiviralAra-C Marine sponge AnticancerOkadaic acid Dinoflagellate Molecular probeManolide Marine sponge Molecular probe

Vent TMA polymerase Deep-sea hydrothermal vent bacterium PCR enzyme

Aequorin Bioluminescent jelly fish

Bioluminescent calcium indicator

Green flourescent protein Bioluminescent jelly fish Reporter gene

Phycoerythrin Red algaeConjugated antibodies used in ELISA and flow cytometry

Cephalosporins Cephalosporium sp., marine fungi Antibiotic

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THANK YOU

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THANK YOU

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Marine derived food additives Antioxidants

Polyamines such as Spermine and Spermidine Sulfated polysacchrides from brown algae Astaxanthin: pigmented antioxidant in microalgae

Taste – adding substances Lipids Photosynthetic pigments Polysaccharides Protein

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Marine derived nutraceutics Bioactive peptides Fish oils Fish proteins Seaweeds Macroalgae & microalgae Amino acids Omega-3 oils All kinds of phytochemicals

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Marine derived E-numbers E-numbers -- code names for different kinds of substances

that are used as food additivesE 406 – Agar -- Gelidium, Pterocladia & Gracilaria.E400 – 405 -- Alginates E 407 -- Carrageenan

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Marine biotechnology securing human health

Elysia rufescens Dolabella auricularia Trididemnum solidumKahalalide-F

Antitumor

Dolastatin 10Antimitotic

Didemnin-BHerpes simplex virus

Conus magus

Ziconotide (prialt)Chronic pain

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Biosensing To monitor the in situ marine environment. Monitoring can be:

Analysis of the water quality Prediction & detection of harmful algal blooms (HAB) Estimation of environmental and human health risks. 

Microalgal fiber optic biosensors Automated online optical biosensing systems (AOBS) Surface plasma resonance (SPR)  Biosensors to detect marine toxins in seafood Wearable electrochemical sensors

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Marine derived antifouling strategies Biofouling -- accumulation of microorganisms, plants,

algae, or animals on wetted surfaces. Antifouling -- ability of specifically designed materials

and coatings to remove or prevent biofouling by any number of organisms on wetted surfaces.

Biocides -- chemical substances that deter the microorganisms responsible for biofouling.

 Tributyltin moiety (TBT) and tin-based anti-fouling coatings

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Bioremediation of marine ecosystems Microorganisms transform organic contaminants in

oceans, soils, groundwater, sludge and solids, into an energy source, cometabolizing substances with another energy source.

In the case of larger oil spills, residual oil can be further broken down by biostimulation

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Biostimulation Addition of specific nutrients, air, organic substrates or

other electron donors/acceptors, nutrients, and other compounds that affect and normally limit treatment in their absence.

Microorganisms will clean the waste source more efficiently and faster than in normal circumstances

Examples: grease accumulation in sewers and grease traps

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Bioaugmentation Treatment where you want to achieve a controlled, predictable

and programmed biodegradation. The controlled addition of specially formulated microbial cultures

that assist those found naturally in the soil. Done in conjunction and monitoring of an ideal growth

environment in which these selected bacteria can live and work Specific strains of anaerobic microorganisms have been isolated,

cultured and are commercially available for the biodegradation of the chlorinated contaminants VC. Bio-Dechlor INOCULUM® Plus is a widely used bioaugmentation culture designed specifically for this purpose.

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