BIOTECHNOLOGY AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

PROTEIN ENGINEERING

PROTEIN ENGINEERING

Modification of protein structure with recombinant DNA technology or chemical treatment to get a desirable function for better use in medicine, industry and agriculture.

PROTEIN ENGINEERING USES to improve existing protein ( enzymes, antibodies and cell receptors). to create protein not found in nature. to date applications that alter the catalytic properties of enzymes to develop ecologically sustainable industrial processes.

PROTEIN ENGNEERING

USES to design novel proteins that can bind to the deactivate viruses and tumor- causing genes. to create especially effective vaccines. to study the membrane receptor proteins that are so often the targets of pharmaceutical compounds. to improve the functionality of plant storage proteins and develop new proteins as gelling agents.

BIOSENSORS

The term “biosensor” is short for “biological sensor”. A biosensor is composed of a biological component, such as a cell, enzyme or antibody linked to a tiny transducer( a device powered by one system that then supplies power to a second system).

BIOSENSORS

USES to detect changes that rely on the specificity of the cells and molecule to identify and measure substances at extremely low concentrations. to measure the nutritional value, freshness and safety of food. to locate and measure environmental pollutants to detect and quantify explosives, toxics and bio warfare agents.

NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY

Nanobiotechnology, Nanobiology and Bionanotechnology are terms that refer to the intersection of nanotechnology and biology.

Nanotechnology is the study, manipulation and manufacture of ultra-small structures and machines made of a few as one molecule.

NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY

USES increasing the speed and power of disease diagnostics. creating bio-nanostructures for getting functional molecules into cells. improving the specificity and timing of drug delivery. encouraging the development of green manufacturing practices.

MICROARRAYS

Microarray technology is transforming laboratory research because it allows us to analyze tens of thousands of samples simultaneously.

DNA MICROARRAYS

USES detect mutations in disease-related genes. monitor gene activity. diagnose infectious diseases and identify the best antibiotic treatment. identify genes important to crop productivity. improve screening for microbes used in bioremediation.

PROTEIN MICROARRAYSUSES discover protein biomarkers that indicate disease stages. assess potential efficacy and toxicity of drugs before clinical trials. measure differential production across cell types and developmental stages, and in both healthy and diseased states.

PROTEIN MICROARRAYSUSES study the relationship between protein structure and function. assess differential protein expression in order to identify new drug leads. evaluate binding between proteins and other molecules.

TISSUE MICROARRAYS

Tissue microarrays, which allow the analysis of thousands of tissue samples on a single glass slide are being used to detect protein profiles in healthy and diseased tissues and validate potential drug targets.

WHOLE-CELL MICROARRAYS

Whole-cell Microarrays circumvent the problem of protein stability in microarrays and permit a more accurate analysis of protein interactions within a cell.

SMALL-MOLECULAR MICROARRAYS

Small-Molecular Microarryas allow pharmaceutical companies to screen ten of thousands of potential drug candidates simultaneously.

HEALTH CARE APPLICATIONS

DIAGNOSTICS We can now detect many diseases and medical conditions more quickly and with greater accuracy because of the sensitivity of new biotechnology based diagnostic tools.

THERAPEUTICS

Biotechnology therapeutics are used to treat many diseases, including anemia, cystic fibrosis, growth deficiency, rheumatoid arthritis, hemophilia, hepatitis, genital warts, transplant rejection and leukemia and other cancers.

TYPES OF THERAPEUTIC BIOTECHNOLOGY

A. USING NATURAL PRODUCTS AS THERAPEUTICS

Many antibiotics are produced by naturally occurring microbes and a number of medicines on the market.

TYPES OF THERAPEUTIC BIOTECHNOLOGY

B. USING BIOPOLYMERS AS MEDICAL DEVICES

BIOPOLYMERS – are polymers produced by living organism.

POLYMERS – is a large molecule or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits known as monomers.

TYPES OF THERAPEUTIC BIOTECHNOLOGY

C. REPLACING MISSING PROTEINSSome diseases are caused when defective

genes don’t produce the proteins the body requires. We are using recombinant DNA and cell culture to produce the missing protein.

Examples : Insulin – a protein hormone that regulates blood glucose levels. Diabetes results from an inadequate supply of insulin.

TYPES OF THERAPEUTIC BIOTECHNOLOGY

D. USING GENES TO TREAT DISEASESGene therapy is a promising

technology that uses genes, or related molecules such as RNA, to treat diseases. Medical researcher have also discovered that gene therapy can treat diseases other than hereditary genetic disorders.

CELL TRANSPLANT

Approximately 10 people die each day waiting for organs to become available for transplantation.

Scientist are investigating how to use cell culture to increase the number of patients who might benefit from one organ donor.

Liver cells grown in culture and implanted into patients kept them alive until a liver became available.

IMMUNE SYSTEM

Immune System is a system of biological structures and process within an organisms that protects against diseases. We are using biotechnology to enlist the help of our immune systems in fighting a variety of diseases.

5 WAYS HOW TO STIMULATE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM NATURALLY

1. Get plenty of rest 2. Exercise regularly 3. Drinks lots of water 4. Eat raw fruits and vegetables. 5. Relax

IMMUNODEFICIENCY

Immunodeficiency disorders are group of disorders in which part of the immune system is missing or defective. The person with an immunodeficiency disorder will have frequent infections that are generally more severe and last longer than usual and have a higher incidence of some cancers.

XENOTRANSPLANTATIONOne solution doctors along with

pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies are investigating to end this acute shortage is “XENOTRANSPLANTATION” or the process of transplanting cells, tissue or organs from one species to another.

The first experiments in transplanting chimpanzee kidneys into humans were conducted in 1963 and 1964. one of the patients who received chimpanzee kidneys lived for nine months.

STEPHANIE FAE BEAUCLAIR 

(October 14, 1984 – November 15, 1984), better known as Baby Fae, was an American infant born in 1984 with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. She became the first infant subject of a xenotransplant procedure, receiving the heart of a baboon.

REGENERATIVE MEDICINESRegenerative Medicines is a branch of

transplantation research in tissue engineering and molecular biology which deals with the process of replacing, engineering or regenerating human cells, tissue or organs to restore or establish normal function

Regenerative Medicines refers to a group of biomedical approaches to clinical therapies that may involve the use of stem cells.

TISSUE ENGINEERING

Tissue Engineering is the use of a combination of cells, engineering and materials methods and suitable biochemical and pysio- chemical factors to improve or replace biological functions.

THANK YOU! ^_^

PREPARED BY:JENNIFER T. SANTOS