BIOLOGY REVIEWASHE – Spring ‘11

What is an object called that is alive now or was once alive?

A LIVING OBJECT7 Characteristics of Life

M: MovementR: RespirationS: Sensitive to the environment

G: GrowthR: ReproductionE: ExcretionN: Nutrition

Is the object below a living or nonliving object?

NONLIVING

What are the 2 main differences between plant and animal cells?

Plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplast

Which cell organelle is the outer boundary of the cell?

http://apbio82007.blogspot.com/2007/11/cell-membrane.html

The cell membrane

What organelle produces energy for the cell? It is also known as the powerhouse of the cell.

MITOCHONDRIA

The ribosomes in the cell are responsible for making ____________.

protein

WHAT TYPE OF SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP IS DESCRIBED BELOW:BARNACLES ATTACH TO WHALES FOR STABILITY AND ALSO GET FOOD FROM THE FILTERED WATER AROUND THE WHALE

Commensalism because the barnacles gain but the whales didn’t benefit nor were they harmed.

Image from http://www.alaska-in-pictures.com/humpback-whale-skin-barnacles-6432-pictures.htm

Look at the food chain above. Label the producer, the primary consumer and the secondary consumer.

** Grass – producer** Rabbit – primary consumer; eats the grass** Fox – secondary consumer; eats the rabbit

Look at this food chain. What would happen if a drought hit the area and the grass died?

If the grass were to die, the rabbits would not have food so they would eventually die. Then the foxes would not have food when the rabbits die so they would die as well.

What are the two types of passive transport?

Passive transport is when particles move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. It requires no energy. Two examples of passive transport is diffusion and osmosis.

When a dog pants, it is trying to maintain a level body temperature. This is an example of what process?

HOMEOSTASIS

The balance that all living things have to maintain, is called

HOMEOSTASIS.

Particles are always moving around. They move from areas that more crowded to areas that are less crowded. This process is called ______________________.

DIFFUSION

crowded less crowded

Diffusion occurs in cells too. What organelle allows diffusion to take place by allowing things to enter and exit the cell?

Cell Membrane

Osmosisis the diffusion of _______

Water

Like Passive Transport (diffusion/osmosis), Active Transport moves particles in and out of the cell, but this time it moves them from less crowded to MORE crowded.

When moving particles against the crowd, it requires ____________.

Energy

In what type of organisms does photosynthesis occur?

Plants/

Producers

In photosynthesis, plants take in water, sunlight and carbon dioxide to make what?

Glucose (Sugar) and Oxygen

+ water + energy glucose + oxygencarbondioxide

6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2light

energy+ ++

In what cellular organelle does photosynthesis take place?

Chloroplast

What process breaks down glucose and oxygen to produce water, carbon dioxide and ENERGY (ATP)?

Cellular Respiration

In what cellular organelle does

cellular respiration take

place?

Mitochondria – the powerhouse of the cell

In order for your computer to

work, it needs electric

ity.

Electricity is a type of energy.

Cellular respiration produces

energy called ATP. Why is this

important?

Cells need energy, ATP, to carry out all chemical functions to make our bodies run properly.

+ water + energy glucose + oxygencarbondioxide

6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2light

energy+ ++

The equation below is for what process?

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

This cellular organelle is often called the “brain” of the cell. It contains the DNA.

Nucleus

A DNA molecule is in the shape of double helix. It looks like a _______ ______________.

Twisted ladder

What are the 4 main organic compounds?

Lipids (fats), carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

________________ are substances that help speed up a chemical reaction without being used.

Enzymes

A DNA molecule is made up of nucleotides. The three parts of a nucleotide is :(1)Nitrogen base(2)Phosphate group(3)_______________

The third part of the nucleotide in a DNA molecule is the DEOXYRIBOSE (which is a sugar)

In a DNA molecule there are can be 4 different nitrogen bases. Name those bases and which bases pair together.

The 4 Nitrogen bases are Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C)

A pairs with TG pairs with C

A DNA molecule makes a copy of itself through a process called DNA Replication.

There are three steps to replication.

1.The DNA molecule untwists & unzips

2._________________________________3.The molecules re-twist and there

is now a new DNA molecule

2. Free nucleotides from inside the nucleus bond with the nitrogen bases on the original DNA molecule

Image taken from library.thinkquest.org

Take this DNA sequence and go through DNA replication and form a new DNA section.

AACGCGTACGTATC

Original DNA: AATCGCGTACGTATC

New DNA sequence: TTAGCGCATGCATAG

Now take that same original DNA sequence and form a RNA sequence:

AATCGCGTACGTATC

Original DNA sequence:AATCGCGTACGTATC

RNA sequence:UUAGCGCAUGCAUAG

Now take that original DNA sequence and form the protein sequence

AATCGCGTACGTATC

Original DNA sequence:AATCGCGTACGTATC

RNA sequence:UUAGCGCAUGCAUAG

By looking at the amino acid chart this RNA sequence would give us this protein sequence:Leucine – Alanine – Histidine – Alanine - Stop

For BROWN eyes, you can have a genotype of BB or Bb

Of those two genotypes, which one is a homozygous genotype?

Homozygous means the two alleles are the same.

So BB is a homozygous genotype

Tom has blue eyes and his wife, Janelle, has blue eyes. 1.What are the genotypes

of both Tom and Janelle?2.Perform a Punnett

Square, to determine the probability that their children will have brown eyes.

The Blue allele for eyes is a RECESSIVE trait. Therefore, in order to have BLUE eyes, both alleles must be recessive. So the genotype for both Tom and Janelle is bb

bb bb

bb bb

b b

b

b

Tom and Janelle’s children have a ZERO chance of having Brown eyes

Why does our DNA need to replicate?

So that every cell will have the same DNA

In a DNA molecule, the nitrogen bases make up the “steps of the ladder.” The bases can only combine in certain ways.

Adenine (A) only combines with __________

Cytosine (C) only combines with __________

Adenine (A) only combines with Thymine (T)

Cytosine (C) only combines with Guanine (G)

Who is the Father of Genetics?

Gregor Mendel

Genes are passed from the parents to their children. The child gets _______ of their genes from their mom and _______ of their genes from their dad.

HALF

Tall (T) is a dominant trait in Pea Plants. Short (t)is a recessive trait.

If you cross a heterozygous Tall plant with a short plant, what is the probability that you will get a short plant?

TtTall

ttShort

TtTall

ttshort

A Tall heterozgyous plant would have a genotype of Tt

A short plant would have a genotype of tt

T t

t

t

There is a 50% chance that you will get a short plant