Biochem Nutrition

NUTRITION: AN INTRODUCTIONGeromil J. Lara, RMT, MSMT

FOOD

• Provide energy and new molecules to replace those that the body uses

NUTRIENTS• Component of food and drink that

provide growth, replacement, and energy– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Proteins– Vitamins– Minerals– Water

CALORIES

• Measurement of amount of energy derived from food

1000 Cal = 1 kCal

Recommended Nutritional Requirements Per Day

Carbohydrates 45 – 65%

Proteins 10 – 35%

Lipids 20 – 35%

CALORIES

• Measurement of amount of energy derived from food

1000 Cal = 1 kCal

Recommended Nutritional Requirements Per Day

Carbohydrates 45 – 65%

Proteins 10 – 35%

Lipids 20 – 35%

CHO 4 cal/gram

CHON 4 cal/gram

Lipids 9 cal/gram

CALORIES

Example: using 2000 calories diet

CHO = 2,000 x 0.5 = 1,000 calories

= 1,000 calories / 4 = 250 grams

CHON = 2,000 x 0.2 = 400 calories

= 400 calories / 4 = 100 grams

CALORIES

Example: using 2000 calories diet

Fats = 2,000 x 0.3 = 600 calories

= 600 calories / 4 = 150 grams

CHO 250 grams

CHON 100 grams

Lipids 150 grams

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500 grams/day

VITAMIN

• is an organic compound required as a nutrient in tiny amounts by an organism

• Derived from “Vitamine”

• 4 Fat-Soluble Vitamins

• 9 Water-Soluble Vitamins

FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS

VITAMIN A

Other Name: Retinol

Function:– Vision– To heal eye and skin injuries

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Nightblindness/Blindness– Keratinization of epithelium and cornea

Best Food Source:– Liver, butter, egg yolk, carrots, spinach,

sweet potatoes


VITAMIN D

Other Name: Calciferol

Function:– Promotes calcium and phosphate

absorption and mobilization

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Rickets (children): pliable bones– Osteomalacia (adults): fragile bones

Best Food Source:– Salmon, sardines, cod liver oil, cheese,

eggs, milk


VITAMIN E

Other Name: Tocopherol

Function:– Antioxidant

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– In cases of malabsorption such as

cystic fibrosis: anemia– In premature infants: anemia

Best Food Source:– Vegetable oils, nuts, potato chips,

spinach


VITAMIN K

Other Name: Phylloquinone

Function:– Blood clotting

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Uncontrolled bleeding (mostly in

newborns)

Best Food Source:– Spinach, potatoes, cauliflower, beef

liver

WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS

VITAMIN B1

Other Name: Thiamine

Function:– Coenzyme in oxidative carboxylation

and in the pentose phosphate shunt

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Beriberi– In alcoholics: heart failure– Pulmonary congestion

Best Food Source:– Beans, soybeans, cereals, ham, liver


VITAMIN B2

Other Name: Riboflavin

Function:– Coenzyme of oxidative processes

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– invasion of cornea by capillaries– Cheilosis– Dermatitis

Best Food Source:– Kidney, liver, yeast, almonds,

mushrooms, beans


VITAMIN B3: NICOTINIC ACID

Other Name: Niacin

Function:– Coenzyme of oxidative processes

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Pellagra

Best Food Source:– Prunes, peaches, avocados, fish, meat,

mushrooms, peanuts, bread, rice, beans, berries


VITAMIN B6

Other Name: Pyridoxine

Function:– Coenzyme in transamination– Heme synthesis

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Convulsions– Chronic anemia– Peripheral neuropathy

Best Food Source:– Meat, fish, nuts, oats, wheat


VITAMIN B9

Other Name: Folic Acid; Pteroylglutamic Acid

Function:– Coenzyme in methylation and in DNA

synthesis

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Anemia

Best Food Source:– Liver, kidneys, eggs, spinach, orange

juice


VITAMIN B12

Other Name: Cyanocobalamin

Function:– Part of methyl-removing enzyme in

folate metabolism

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Pathcy demyelination– Degradation of nerves, spinal cord, and

brain

Best Food Source:– Oysters, salmon, liver, kidney


VITAMIN B5

Other Name: Pantothenic Acid

Function:– Part of CoA– Fat and carbohydrate metabolism

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Gastrointestinal disturbances– Depression

Best Food Source:– Peanuts, soybeans, liver, kidney, brain,

heart


VITAMIN B7

Other Name: Biotin

Function:– Synthesis of fatty acids

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Dermatitis, nausea, depression

Best Food Source:– Yeast, liver, kidney, nuts, egg yolk


VITAMIN C

Other Name: Ascorbic Acid

Function:– Antioxidant– Hydroxylation of collagen– Wound healing– Bond formation

Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:– Scurvy

Best Food Source:– Citrus fruits, berries, cabbage,

tomatoes

MINERALS

• Potassium• Sodium• Calcium• Chloride• Phosphorus• Magnesium• Iron• Zinc

• Copper• Manganese • Chromium• Molybdenum• Cobalt• Selenium• Iodine• Fluorine

MINERAL FUNCTION DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS /

DISEASES

PotassiumProvides membrane potential

Muscle Weakness

Sodium Osmotic pressure Electrolyte imbalances

CalciumBone formation; Hormonal function; Blood coagulation;Muscle contraction

Muscle cramps; osteoporosis, fragile bones, coagulopathy


DISEASES

Chloride Osmotic pressure Electrolyte imbalances

Phosphorus Balancing calcium in the diet

Structural weakness in bones

Magnesium Cofactor in enzymes

Hypocalcemia


DISEASES

IronOxidative phosphorylation; hemoglobin synthesis

Anemia

Zinc Cofactor in enzymes; insulin

Retarded growth; enlarged liver

Copper Oxidative enzymes cofactor

Loss of hair pigmentation; anemia


DISEASES

Manganese Bone formation Retarded growth of hair and nails

Chromium Glucose metabolism

Glucose not available to cells

Molybdenum Protein synthesis Retarded growth


DISEASES

Cobalt Component of Vitamin B12

Pernicious anemia

Selenium Fat Metabolism Muscular disorders

Iodine Thyroid gland function

Goiter and thyroiditis


DISEASES

Fluorine Enamel Formation Tooth decay

THANK YOU VERY MUCH

Education

Biochem Nutrition