Biochar final exam

M.Nadeem Ashraf M.sc (Hons) Soil Science UAF [email protected]

Spring 2013 Biochar Objective SES_718 (Final Exam)

1. Ammonium fixation is the entrapment of NH4 in clay type of minerals such as__________

2. Biological nitrogen fixation by organism called____________convert N2 to ammonia.

3. In BNF conversion of atmosphere N2 to ammonia by an enzyme________________.

4. Nitrogen fixing microbes can exists as___________or in association with other microbes or

plants.

5. The removal of nitrogen especially__________out of root zone called_______________.

6. Biochar is somewhat depleted in N and slightly depleted in S relative to more___________

7. During_________ that generates biochar heating causes some nutrients to_____________.

8. ________, ___________held at a given temperature and heating influence the chemical

properties of biochar.

9. Carbon begins to volatilize at temperature__________,N__________and S above______oC.

10. K and P volatilize at temperature ranges______________________________.

11. The volatilization of Ca, Mg and Mn occurs at temperature above_________________.

12. Biochar produced from sewage sludge pyrolysed at_________contain_____% of original P

and N.

13. In the pyrolysis of wheat straw biochar resulted in loss of about____________of S at

temperature_________________.

14. Accordingly extractable concentration of NH4 and PO4 decreases with increasing________

15. During biochar generation with a portion of___________oxidize to___________at higher

temperature.

16. Higher temperature (8000c) biochar demonstrated higher______, ________and extractable

____________relative to low temperature 3500C.

17. Substantial variation occurs in chemical properties of biochar due to_________that the

plant material reaches during____________.

18. Biochar addition to soil provide a modest contribution of nutrients depends upon________

and________________.

19. Nitrogen is the single most limiting plant nutrient in most__________or______________

ecosystem.

20. In soil majority of nitrogen exists as organic form that must be___________to NH4 and___

to NO3 prior to plant uptake.

21. ____________is a biotic process driven primarily by heterotrophic bacteria and variety of

fungi.

22. ___________is a biotic process mediated by autotrophic organisms including bacteria and

archea.

23. Both___________________and______________stimulate net nitrification in forest soils.

24. Nitrification was found to be below the detection limit in the_________________rich

forests of Sweden.

25. Forests recently exposed to fire were found to have measurable level of_______________.


26. The injection of glycine into the forest soils stimulated_________________but fail to

stimulate___________________.

27. The injection of glycine with activated carbon stimulated_________________.

28. ___________was substrate limited where nitrification inhibited by adding____________.

29. The injection of______________into humus layer induce a slight stimulation of nitrification

30. In all soil treated with activated carbon, a significant reduction in________________were

recorded.

31. _____________activity was found to extremely low in soils from sites that had not been

exposed to________for 100 years.

32. Wood ash commonly contain high conc. Of metal oxides such as_____________________

33. Fire induces a short term influence on________availability but biochar hundred to decade.

34. Biochar addition to acidic phenol rich soils that lack_________________has potential to

stimulate nitrification.

35. Biochar addition to_____________________soils have no effects on nitrification due

to__________________or_______________.

36. _____________temperature biochar induces immobilization.

37. The immobilization process could create a temporary reservoir of________________.

38. The immobilization has a potential to reduce___________of inorganic N in highly leached

soils.

39. Ammonia volatilization is favoured at_____________pH and when high concentration

of____________are presents.

40. Biochar and biochar mix with ash have the potential to riase_______of acid soils but not to

level would increase______________.

41. The process of denitrification requires the presence of___________and terminal________

42. Adding manure with biochar would increase_________________in the soil solution.

43. Biochar may stimulate_____________ as a result of increased availability of trace metals

such as________________________.

44. Legume nodulation might also be affected if added biochar interfere with_____________in

the soil environment.

45. The formation of root nodules in legumes plants is initiated by by their release of________

46. The concentration of “S” in earth crust ranges between_____________________.

47. S content of igneous rocks usually ranges___________and of sedimentary rocks_________

48. Gases release during____________activity and as_________, hydrothermal and biological

origin.

49. Biochar is highly effectively in the sorption of phenolic S including____________________.

50. Organic compound containing sulphur occur in__________, __________, ______________.

51. Sulphur in most non calcareous soils exists in________________forms.

52. Inorganic forms of sulphur are___________________________________.

53. Readily available sulphur=_______________________________________.

54. There is a significant potential for biochar to influence sulphur________________and____

activity in the soil environment.


55. Majority of sulphur originates from________________and most S exists as_____________.

56. Organic S exists as either_____________or_______later have potential to be oxidize

to__________Prior to plant uptake.

57. Biochar addition to acidic agriculture soils yields a net increase in soil pH. T/F

58. Alkaline oxides applied along with biochar influence on free___________ratio in soils

amended with biochar.

59. Sulphur mineralization is favoured at_______________to_____________ pH.

60. Separating the effects of fire from the effect of natural addition of biochar is difficult due to

release of_______________.

61. The S oxidation by acidophilic Thiobacillus would not be favoured by pH_________induces

by the presence of biochar.

62. Biochar addition to soil release the surface__________of mineral soils and in results faster

warming of soil in spring time.

63. Surface albedo of mineral soils with biochar addition increase sulphur___________or_____

64. __________addition to mineral soils may also directly and indirectly affects Sulphur______

and_____________.

65. Sulphur is readily adsorbed to the mineral surfaces in soils and particularly to___________

66. In barren soils N will be very high due to___________and accumulation of_____________.

67. Sometimes plant can take organic forms of nitrogen in small quantity like_____________

68. Addition of biochar in temperate forest soils increase nitrification due to______________.

69. Application of biochar in sterile soils there is little nitrification b/c of__________________.

70. Biochar addition reduces the concentration of NH4+ through___________and___________

71. S mineralization rates have been found to increase the following fire in________ecosystem

72. Organic matter addition to soil are known to reduce the extent of SO2-4 in__________soils

73. The organic forms of P are__________________not available to plants.

74. Fresh biochar has an abundance of AEC in the acid pH range which can initially be excess of

total_________________.

75. As biochar ages, the positive exchange sites on__________surface_______and ________

charge sites develop.

76. The biochemical basis for high CEC due to presence of___________________such as_____

77. An increase in pH by adding biochar due to presence of__________________and reduces

concentration of soluble soils___________.

78. Biochar is an exceptionally good surface for sorbing___________or___________________

across a wide range of molecular mass.

79. Allelopathic compound release as root exudates, function as metal chelates to solubilize P

are_______________and___________________________.

80. Catechin increase P solubility in alkaline pH calcareous soils. T/F

81. 8-hydroxy quinoline increase the P solubility when added to_________and_________soils.

82. Reduction of P sorption by___________with increasing biochar application rates in the

presence of activity of growing______________________.

83. The pore size of wood derived biochar ranges from______________________.


84. Biochar may restrict very large soil grazer such as__________and__________________.

85. The ability of ________ to exclude_____________________ allows microbes to mediate

nutrient transformation effectively.

86. Activated carbon used for the__________of water due to__________________________.

87. The organic P is bound through_____________and____________bonds to calcium.

88. Nutrients adsorbed to small mobile particles or colloids can also be leached to deeper

horizon through_________________.

89. For nutrients dissolve in soil solution, a migration of anions must be accompanied by an

equivalent cations for the maintenance of____________________________.

90. Leaching losses of essential nutrients of applied N, Ca, and Mg are________, ___________

and_______________% respectively.

91. Phosphorus and other nutrients cause_______________when they leached or run-off from

agriculture lands into water bodies.

92. Currently one of the common cause of unacceptable water quality levels in the developed

world is______________________.

93. In 1992, as much as___________% of water wells in intensive agriculture of areas of US

were found to have______________levels above the MCL set by EPA.

94. EPA stands for_____________________________________________.

95. MCL stands for____________________________________________.

96. DEFRA stands for____________________________________________.

97. Deep rooted plants such as trees can acts as________________and recycled leached

nutrients that have migrated to deeper horizons.

98. Amount of leached nitrate are greater on_______________soils or when_______________

And_______________rates are higher.

99. Biochar should have the greatest value for reducing nutrients leaching in________soils.

1OO. IUPAC stands for________________________________________________.

1O1. The bulk density of biochar is____________than that of minerals soils.

102. Water is usually considered mobile when present in pores of sizes in the order of_______

103. Macropores of_____________diameter can contribute to the rapid flow of water through

soil and after heavy rainfall can lead to__________________.

104. Mesopore size of soil range__________________will allows water to move in response

to_______________________.

105. Micropore size for biochar_____________________________diameter.

106. Mesopores and macropores ranges___________and__________________respectively.

107. pore size within biochar depends upon the_____________and___________________.

108. activated biochar has been found to contain a large proportion__________of micropores.

109. If 95% of biochar pores are______________in diameter, the mobility of soil water

through the matrix after biochar application will be reduced.

110. The high porosity of biochar is accompanied by high_____________and____________

molecules can sorb depends upon the functional groups.


111. Aged biochar has a high___________as shown by high concentration of negative charges

on biochar surfaces.

112. Fresh biochar may also sorb anions and___________, ___________ vary with soil pH, age

and weathering environment of biochar.

113. _________% of P in the dairy farm effluents was removed by chiken litter biochar in a

100:1 at 500C.

114. _________was adsorbed readily by both the biochar and biochar/manure mixture while

______________was not at all.

115. ___________had an intermediate behaviour with biochar/manure mixture adsorbing

more than pure biochar.

116. P was shown to adsorb vigorously to biochar made from pine and surface litter at

temperature range_____________________.

117. Biochar application enhanced mycorrhizal communities in the rhizosphere. T/F

118. Nitrogen immobilization is not likely to be directly increased by biochar because________

119. The application of biochar to agricultural soils has the potential to improve soil_________,

___________and____________conditions.

120. Biochar has the potential to increase net nitrification in___________soils that otherwise

demonstrate little or no nitrification.

121. Biochar additions to soils stimulate mycorrhizal colonization which may

increase___________uptake.

122.When NPK fertilizer was applied biochar addition significantly reduced_______and______

leaching during first week only.

123. Excess soluble_________in the soil solution reduces N2-Fixation rates in free living N2-

Fixing bacteria and available P stimulate________________.

124. Bases such as________________were more abundant in leachate from biochar than acid

washed sand.

125. Leaching of_______was not reduced since fresh biochar contains large amount of_______

126. Large proportion of_____________leaching of Ca was approximately________% lower

than in Oxisols with low biochar contents.


Spring 2013 Biochar Objective SES_718 Mid-Test

1. Biochar is produced by so called______________of organic materials under limited supply of

2. Charcoal for application to soil called_____________________________

3. The only difference between biochar and charcoal is in its_______________________

4. Charcoal is produced for_______________than biochar.

5. What is the difference between biochar and charcoal?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

6. The term used for the type of biomass that is paralysed called________________________

7. The most important factor controlling the properties of resulting biochar is______________

8. Why biochar is reflected in its behaviour, function and fate in the soil?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

9. Pyrolysis depends upon, processing conditions are__________________________________

10. Ash content by weight in wheat straw is about?

a) 12.2 b) 11.2 c) 14 d) 38

11. Ash content in switch grass by weight is about?

a) 6 b) 18 c) 32 d) 0.27_1

12. Cellulose and lignin undergo thermal degradation at temperature range between_________

And_______________respectively.

13. Wood based feedstock generates coarser and more resistant biochar with carbon content?

a) 50% b) 60% c) 70% d) 80%

14. Which of the following biomass having highest lignin content?

a) Wheat straw b) maize residue c) olive husk d) switch grass

15. For comparable temperatures and residence time lignin loss is typically less than half

of____________loss.

16. Woody feed stocks generally contains low proportion of________by weight of ash.

17. Biomass with high mineral contents such as__________,___________________and_______

18. The feed stocks of rice husks and rice hulls contain ash content up to__________and______

Respectively.

19. Pyrolysis condition and feed stocks characteristics largely control the__________________\

20. Why biochar properties are highly heterogeneous?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

21. CEC of biochar varies from negligible to______________and C:N ranges from___to________

22. pH of biochar typically __________to______________and such relatively constant.

23. How heterogeneity of biochar is usefull?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

24. As the pyrolysis temperature increases so the proportion of_________________in biochar increase

due to loss of volatile matter.

25. The sequence of loss of volatile material during pyrolysis is___________________________

And conversion of alkyl C to____________.


26. Around ______0C, polyaromatic grapheme sheets begin to grow lateraly at the expense

of_______________and eventually___________.

27. Above_________0C carbonization becomes the dominant process.

28. What is carbonization in biochar?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

29. What are the two main structural fraction of biochar?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

30. ______,______,_____,____and_____are found predominantly incorporated within the aromatic

rings as heteroatoms.

31. What is the role of heteroatoms in biochar?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

32. What are the main components or chemical constituents of biochar composition?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

33. What will determine the relative proportions of biochar components?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

34. Coarser and more resistant biochar are generated by pyrolysis of______________________

35. The ash content of biochar is dependent on the ash content of _______________________.

36. Biochar from chicken litter contain ash content of_____________%.

37. Moisture content up to__________by weight appears to be desirable.

38. Higher moisture content in biomass feedstock increase the________of biochar production

and___________________for unit of biochar produced.

39. Total corbon content in biochar was found to range between______to___________g kg-1.

40. Total Nitrogen in biochar varied between__________to_________ g kg-1 depending on feedstock.

41. Mineral Nitrogen content in biochar is less than__________mg Kg-1.

42. NMR stands for_________________________________________

43. What is the role of NMR spectroscopy?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

44. What indicates C:N ratio in any biomass?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

45. Total P and K content in biochar were found to range according to feedstock values between

______________and__________________ g kg-1 respectively.

46. The complex and hetrogenous chemical composition of biochar is extended to its ________.

47. Enlist the functional groups and How they are formed ?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

48. The functional group are found on the outer surface of the______________and surface of

____________________________.


49. How functional groups crates coexisting areas and write down its properties?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

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Biochar final exam