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Beyond the Awe
Perspectives on Pragmatic Audiovisual Collections Care
56th Conference of the Michigan Archival Association Holland, MI; Friday, 12 June 2015
AWE?
AUDIOVISUAL PRESERVATION
Ryan Edge, MSU Media Preservation Librarian
Open Reel Audio:• 2" Open Reel• 1" Open Reel• 1/2" Open Reel• 1/4" Open Reel
Cassette/Cartridge Audio:• Continuous Loop Cartridge (Cart)• Compact Cassette• Microcassette• 8-Track• Digital Audio Tape (DAT)• Digital Compact Cassette (DCC)
Phonograph Record:• Shellac Disc• Laminate Disc• Aluminum Disc• Vinyl Disc
Wire Recording
Grooved Cylinder:● Wax Cylinder● Plastic Cylinder
Optical Media:● Compact Disc (CD)● CD-R; CD-RW● DVD● DVD-R; DVD-RW● LaserDisc (LD)● MiniDisc (MD)
Film:● NItrate Film (35mm)● Acetate Film (35mm, 16,
9.5, 8, Super 8)● Polyester Film (35mm, 16,
9.5, Super 8)
Open Reel Video:● 2" Open Reel (Quad)● 1" Open Reel (Type C)● 1/2" Open Reel
Cassette/Cartridge Video:● U-matic● U-matic SP● Betacam● BetacamSP● Betamax● D-1● D-2● D-3● Digital Betacam● DVCAM● DVCPRO● Betacam SX● DVCPRO-HD● MPEG IMX● D5● HDCAM / HDCAM SR● HDV● MiniDV● VHS / S-VHS● Hi8● Video8
The A/V Media Family
The A/V Media FamilyImages courtesy of the Preservation Self-Assessment Program (PSAP)
WINTER IS COMING
“...in the mid- to long- term there is a major risk that carrier degradation combined with playback obsolescence will defeat the efforts of archivists”
– International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives, 2003
IASA Technical Committee. (2009). Guidelines on the production and preservation of digital audio objects. 2nd ed.Available at: www.iasa-web.org/tc04/audio-preservation
“ How much time do we have?
10 – 15 years ”– Mike Casey, 2013 ARSC Conference
https://www.prestocentre.org/blog/going-going-gone-prospects-analogue-audiovisual-content
How soon is now?“… many analog audio recordings must be digitized within the next 15 to 20 years ... ”
— The Library of Congress National Recording Preservation Plan (p.7)
Torn film sprockets image. Credit: Wilson Library, UNC at Chapel Hill
Physical Degradation
Format Obsolescence
Degradation of physical carriers
+Obsolescence of playback wares
DEGRALESCENCE!
Conservation: maintaining the original item and hardware so that content can be retrieved
Preservation: stewarding content of the original so that it is available for long-term use
Systems Preservationists?
Components:• OBJECT (e.g. Hi8 videocassette)
• ACCESS EQUIPMENT (Hi8 VCR; A-D converter)
• SOFTWARE/STANDARDS supporting access (AV codec libraries; VLC media player)
Supplies & Demands
• Equipment and replacement parts
• Expertise: playback and repair technicians
• Tools: capture hardware and signal monitors
RISK LEVEL AUDIO VIDEO FILM OPTICAL MEDIA
HIGH RISK / EXTINCT
Lacquer disc;Shellac disc;Cylinder;Wire;Digital Audio Tape (DAT);Open reel tape on paper
Open reel video tape (½”, 1”, 2” Quad) Nitrate film --
CRITICALLY ENDANGERED
Open reel audio (acetate or SBS/SSS evidence);Aluminum disc;Digital Compact Cassette
U-matic/U-matic SP;Betamax;D-1;D-2;D-3
Acetate film
Recordable CD/DVD (-R;-RW);LaserDisc;MiniDisc
ENDANGERED
Continuous loop cartridge (Cart);Microcassette;8-Track;Open reel tape on PVC
VHS/S-VHS; Betacam/Betacam SP; Video8;Hi8;MiniDV
-- --
THREATENEDAudiocassette;Open reel tape (polyester w/o SBS/SSS evidence)
Digital Betacam;DVCAM;DVCPRO;
-- --
LOW RISK / VULNERABLE Vinyl disc
Betacam SX;DVCPRO-HD;HDCAM/HDCAM SR;HDV;MPEG IMX;D-5
Polyester film Pressed CD/DVD
• Degralescence factors:• Condition• Obsolescence
• Significance (cultural, historical, $)• Usage & Access• Rights & Restrictions
Assessment & Prioritization
AUDIO
Ryan Edge, MSU Media Preservation Librarian
Authorities / Leaders
IASA - International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives
ARSC - Association for Recorded Sound Collections
FADGI - Federal Agencies Digitization Guidelines Initiative
Audio FormatsGrooved CylinderWax Cylinder; Plastic Cylinder
Wire Recording
Phonograph RecordShellac DiscLaminate DiscAluminum DiscVinyl Disc
Optical MediaDVDCompact Disc (CD)MiniDisc (MD)
Open Reel Audio2" Open Reel1" Open Reel1/2" Open Reel1/4" Open Reel
Cassette / Cartridge AudioContinuous Loop Cartridges (Cart)Compact CassetteMicrocassetteDigital Audio Tape (DAT)Digital Compact Cassette (DCC)8-Track
Lacquer disc delamination. Image by Flickr user windthoek, available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0).
Image courtesy of the Preservation Self-Assessment Program (PSAP)
Image 2 by Flickr user windthoek, CC BY-NC-ND.
Delamination of Agfa PE39 magnetic tape (L), image courtesy of Katrin Abromeit. Severe, fibrous residue after playback (R), image by Karl-Heinz Frommolt, Naturkundemuseum Berlin.
For more on Soft Binder Syndrome and other forms of magnetic tape breakdown, see the Preservation Self-Assessment Program (PSAP) guide.
For more on Soft Binder Syndrome and other forms of magnetic tape breakdown, see the Preservation Self-Assessment Program (PSAP) guide.
● Ampex/Quantegy 406, 407, 456, 457● Capitol Q15● Melody 169*● Pyral* unknown● Scotch/3M 206, 207, 226, 227, 806, 807, 808, 809, 175*● Sony PR-150,* SLH, ULH
Lists of known tape types are incomplete. This list compiled from Hess, 2008; Casey, 2007.
* Considered to behave as SBS, not SSS; not treatable through incubation.
Soft Binder Syndrome: Well-known manufacturers and types
Image courtesy of Katrin Abromeit.
Typical Signal Chain(s)
EBU Tech 3285 - Specification of the Broadcast Wave Format (BWF); V2. European Broadcasting Union (2011).
Available at: https://tech.ebu.ch/docs/tech/tech3285.pdf
IASA Technical Committee Guidelines on the Production and Preservation of Digital Audio Objects; 2nd Ed (IASA-TC 04). International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives (2009).
Available at: http://www.iasa-web.org/tc04/audio-preservation
Preservation Master– BWF (WAV) file format– Linear PCM encoding– 96 kHz sampling rate– 24-bit depth
*IASA (International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives). Guidelines on the production and preservation of digital audio objects, 2nd ed., IASA TC-04. Available at: www.iasa-web.org/audio-preservation-tc04
Audio | Archival Sets
* Spoken word commonly digitized at 44.1 kHz, 16-bit.
spc-mss225-b01-t04_pres.wav
Data/storage rate @ 96 kHz, 24-bit: 1.93 GB/hr (1977.6 MB/hr)
Mezzanine – BWF (WAV) file format– Linear PCM encoding– 44.1 kHz sampling rate– 16-bit depth
*IASA (International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives). Guidelines on the production and preservation of digital audio objects, 2nd ed., IASA TC-04. Available at: www.iasa-web.org/audio-preservation-tc04
Audio | Archival Sets
Data/storage rate @ 44.1kHz, 16-bit: 0.59 GB/hr (605.4 MB/hr)
spc-mss225-b01-t04_mezz.wav
Access Copy– MP3 file format– 44.1 kHz sampling rate– 160 Kbps bitrate (if native mono); 320 Kbps bitrate (if native stereo)
Audio | Archival Sets
spc-mss225-b01-t04.mp3
Data/storage rates:@ 320 Kbps: 140.6 MB/hr;
@ 160 Kbps: 70.3 MB/hr
Fig. – Illustration of multimedia container format.
LPCM audio stream
WAV container format
BWF | Broadcast Wave Format
BEXT (embedded) metadata
Fig. – Illustration of multimedia container format.
Embedded Metadata
Descriptive
Administrative
• Technical
• Provenance
BWF BEXT info BWF MetaEdit
MOVING IMAGE / FILM
Tressa Graves, UIUC Graduate Student
Why Care About Film?
• Moving images show us material that �paper based manuscripts can’t always show.
• It’s a fairly stable format and there is a �good chance most archives have it in some shape or form.
Film GaugesMost Common• 35mm• 16mm• Super 8• 8mmRare• 9.5mm• 28mm• 70mm
Film Stocks
• Three Kinds:– Nitrate: 1895-�
1950s– Acetate:
1909*-present– Polyester: �
1950s-present
Good Storage is Key
• Proper storage conditions can extend the life of film.
• Moving film from room temperature (68F) to a cooler temperature (54F) can dramatically improve longevity even though it does not reach ISO standards.
:( :)
The Good, The Bad, & The Ugly
Storage Recommendations
• Recommendations are set by IPI & ISO.�• There are guidelines but no set temp & �
RH for film because it depends on a film’s gauge, stock, & possible deterioration.
Graph is from a IPI online publication
Acetate Decay
From The Film Preservation Guide
KISS
KISS
1956 Bay City Parade
Former CMU Mascot
VIDEO
Matthew Wilcox, MSU UAHC Audiovisual Archivist & Department Aide
MSU Archives & Historical Collections Multi-Media Lab
Matthew Wilcox, Michigan State University Archives
Humble Beginnings…Fall 2014
Additions and Upgrades:
February 2015 June 2015
Equipment List• 13” CRT TV monitor – Panasonic CT-1383Y
• Time Base Corrector – I.DEN IVT-7
• Analog to Digital Converter – Canopus ADVC-55
• Computer – Apple iMac w/ 27” monitor
• Betamax deck – Sanyo VCR 4030
• S-VHS deck – Panasonic PV-S4670
• Digital Betacam deck – Sony DVW-A500
• Betacam SP deck – Sony PVW-2600
• ¾” U-matic deck – Sony VO-5800
Betamax
VHS
Digital Betacam
Betacam SP
¾” U-matic
Obtaining the Equipment
• eBay / Craigslist / Online auction sites / etc.
• Salvation Army / Volunteers of America / Garage Sales / Estate Sales
• Utilization of Social Media Contacts
• Utilization of Work Relations
Typical Workflow• Assessing the collection
• Preparing the analog playback
• Implementing the digitization process
• Doing quality control
• Pennington, S., and Rehberger D. (2012). The preservation of analog video through digitization. In D. Boyd, S. Cohen, B. Rakerd, & D. Rehberger (Eds.), Oral history in the digital age. Institute of Library and Museum Services. Retrieved from http://ohda.matrix.msu.edu/2012/06/preservation-of-analog-video-through-digitization/
MSU Archives Multi-Media Lab Workflow
•VTR (videotape recorder) – TBC (time base corrector) – ADC (analog-to-digital converter) – iMac computer – Final Cut Pro X – KORA (digital repository, where metadata is created) – On the Banks of the Red Cedar website (http://www.onthebanks.msu.edu)
Analog Video Capture: Multi-Media Lab
• Preservation Copy: QuickTime wrapper (.mov extension), audio encoded at 48kHz
• Access Copy: MPEG-4 wrapper (.mp4 extension), encoded as H.264; audio encoded at 44.1kHz
Examples Of Titles In MSU Archives Collection
• The Campus at War for Peace (16mm film to U-matic transfer, 1944)
• Postmark: East Lansing (16mm film to VHS transfer, 1952; about the on-campus educational facilities at MSU)
• Stevie Wonder Speaks at Fall Commencement (U-matic, 1989)
• MSU Convocation with President Bill Clinton (VHS, 1995)
• University Archives: Film Review (2005; highlights from a promotional DVD about the UAHC)
ONLINE RESOURCES & TOOLS
Ryan Edge, MSU Media Preservation Librarian
• A/V Artifact Atlas (AVAA)
• Format ID Guide (PSAP)
• Museum of Obsolete Media [☍]
Reference Guides
• Care of AV Originals: Handling and Storage of Audio and Video Carriers (IASA-TC 05) [$20]
• Media Storage Quick Reference, 2nd Ed. (Image Permanence Institute) [PDF]
Media Preservation Survey Reports–IU Media Digitization & Preservation Initiative http://www.indiana.edu/~medpres/
–University of Illinois Libraries https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/50106
Essential Resources | General
• Sound Directions: Best Practices for Audio Preservation [PDF]
• ARSC Guide to Audio Preservation [PDF]
• Guidelines on the Production and Preservation of Digital Audio Objects (IASA-TC 04) [$20]
Essential Resources | Audio
• Video at Risk: Copyright Guidelines (NYU) [PDF]
• How Video Works (Weise, Weynand) [Book]
• Digital File Formats for Videotape Reformatting (FADGI) [☍]
• Determining Suitable Digital Video Formats for Medium-term Storage (G. Blood) [PDF]
Essential Resources | Video
• The Film Preservation Guide: Basics for Archives, Libraries, and Museums (National Film Preservation Foundation) [PDF]
• Home Film Preservation Guide (AMIA)
• Storage Guide for Acetate Film (Image Permanence Institute) [PDF]
Essential Resources | Film
• VLC Media Player
• QCTools, or “Quality Control Tools”
• Handbrake (leans on FFmpeg)
• BWF MetaEdit
Advanced Studies (command line)• FFmpeg
• MediaInfo
• ExifTool
(Post-Capture) Tools
QCTools
http://bavc.org/qctools
Quality Control Tools for Video Preservation
http://ffmpeg.org/
...or Handbrake, if you prefer a GUIhttps://handbrake.fr/
MediaInfoTelling you everything you need to know about
media X, Y, Z.
...and Exiftool
https://mediaarea.net/en/MediaInfo
http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/
• NEH Preservation Assistance Grants for Smaller
Institutions [☍]• NEH Challenge Grants [☍]• NEH Humanities Collections & Reference Resources [☍]• ARSC Preservation of Classical Music Historical
Recordings Grants Program [☍]• NHPRC Digital Disseminations of Archival Collections [☍]• IMLS National Leadership Grants (for Libraries, Museums)
[☍]• NFPF: National Film Preservation Foundation Grants [☍]
Relevant Grant Opportunities
David Shrigley, Join Us (1999) (detail). Private collection, courtesy Stephen Friedman Gallery.
Preservation in this century will involve collaboration.” – National Digital Stewardship Alliance (NDSA)
David Shrigley, Join Us (1999) (detail). Private collection, courtesy Stephen Friedman Gallery.
Media Preservation rising (IU, UIUC, CIC)
Media interest groups (everyone likes coffee, donuts)
Keepers of the Flame:
NDSA - National Digital Stewardship Alliance
AMIA - Association of Moving Image Archivists
ARSC - Association for Recorded Sound Collections
Collaborate | Contribute
Ryan Edge, MSU Media Preservation Librarian [email protected] | @rynedg
Tressa Graves, UIUC Grad [email protected]
Matthew Wilcox, MSU UAHC Audiovisual Archivist & Department Aide
THANK YOUQUESTIONS?
