Upload
satya-permadi
View
58
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Behaviorism
I Made Riscky Zepthian (0912021036)
I Putu Pranatha Putra (0912021050)
I Kadek Suarsana (0912021152)
Komang Satya Permadi (0912021061)
History of Behaviorism
Ivan Pavlov• Developed the classical conditioning theory. In this
theory, a certain stimulus leads to a particular response
Edward Thorndike (1874 - 1949)• Emphasized the role of experience in the
strengthening and weakening of stimulus response connections
History of Behaviorism
John Watson (1878-1958)• "The more frequent a stimulus
and response to occur in association with each other, the stronger that habit will become.“
History of Behaviorism
Edwin Guthrie (1886 - 1959)• "A stimulus that is followed by a
particular response will, upon its recurrence, tend to be followed by the same response again. This stimulus response connection gains in its full strength on one trial."
History of Behaviorism
Clark Hull (1884 - 1952)•Modified the stimulus
response theory to Stimulus Organism Response (S-O-R).
History of Behaviorism
B. F. Skinner (1904 – 1990)• "A response followed by a reinforcing
stimulus is strengthened and therefore more likely to occur again. “
• "A response that is not followed by a reinforcing stimulus is weakened and therefore less likely to occur again. "
Behaviorist
Behaviorism is the theory which implies that people can be taught through the
use of reward and/or punishment.
The Characteristic
1) Teacher controls both of the children’s behavior and the learning process.
2) The teacher has clear lesson plan and step-by-step syllabus.
3) English pattern are repeated through drills and choral repetition until they become automatic.4) It is considered essential for the children to
succeed as much as possible.5) Success is reinforced by praise and reward.
Advantages
• Shapes behavior quickly
• The learner adapts to the environment
• Behavior can be measured
Disadvantages
• Internalized reasoning may not be an outcome
• The learner adapts to a poor environment
• Behavior measured may not be a true picture of understanding
STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESS
STRENGTHS• Focuses only on behavior that can be
observed and manipulated.
• This approach has proved very useful in experiments under laboratory conditions where behavior can be observed and manipulated.
WEAKNESS• it is likely the behavior will return after a period
of time.
• The behaviorist approach has been criticized for suggesting that most human behavior is mechanical, and that human behavior is simply the product of stimulus-response behaviors.
STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESS
low level processing skills
The Relation In Teaching
concept of learning
Behaviorist Theory
The Learner Understand Material
Often isolated from real-world contexts or
situations
active respondents
learning process
opportunity to actually behave or demonstrate learning
students should be assessed by observing behavior
General EducationalImplications of Behaviorism
Emphasis on behavior
Students
the repetition of stimulus response habits
Audio-Lingual Method
Style of Teaching Teaching Foreign Languages
Behaviorist Theory
General EducationalImplications of Behaviorism
Drill and Practice
Repetition: the student repeats an utteranceInflection: one word in a sentence appears in another form when repeatedReplacement: one word is replaced by anotherRestatement: The student re-phrases an utterance
ExampleInflection: Teacher: I ate the sandwich. Student: I ate the sandwiches.Replacement: Teacher: He bought the car for half-price. Student: He bought it for half-price.Restatement: Teacher: Tell me not to smoke so often. Student: Don't smoke so often!
General EducationalImplications of Behaviorism
Audio-Lingual Method
Step one: a Neutral
Stimulus (NS) is given
Step two: the NS is combined
with an Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
which results in an Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Step three: a conditioned
stimulus is created (CS)
which results in a conditioned
response (CR)
Classical Conditioning Model
Educational ImplicationsOf Classical Conditioning
Students
academic tasks and contexts
enthusiasm, excitement,
or enjoyment
Operant Conditioning
• Behavior increase, occur frequently, stronger
Reinforcer
• Starting or ending something good or bad repeatedly
Consequences• This consequences
increase the behavior
Reinforcers
Circumstance of Reinforcement
• The reinforcer is not reinforcing
• Reinforcement is not consistent
• The individual looses too much or gains too little by changing a behavior
• Too much is expected too soon.
• Timing: follows the desired behavior.• Magnitude and appeal: The larger and more appealing the enforcer• Consistency: Reinforcement needs to be consistent• Stimulus control: Students or organisms can learn when an
appropriate response can be given after a stimulus• Stimulus generalization: Organisms can learn how to give a
response to similar stimulus, • Stimulus control in the classroom: In the classroom different
responses are desirable at different times. • Cueing: teachers can provide nonverbal cues• Setting events: These occur when the teacher controls the
environment to help control behavior.
Factors That InfluenceThe Effectiveness of Reinforcement
• Not eliminated• Leads to an increase in the punished behavior • The student might not recognize the
punishment being linked to a specific behavior.• Result in undesirable emotional responses • May lead to aggression.• Does not illustrate the correct behavior.• May even cause physical or psychological harm.
Disadvantages of Punishment
• Must be punishing• Must be strong enough• Should be threatened once• Should be described in clear, concrete
terms• Should be consistent
GuidelinesFor Using Punishment Effectively
Where Operant ConditioningTechniques Are Most Appropriate
•Poorly motivated
•Have high anxiety
•History of failure
For many years, these concepts from behavioral theory formed the basis of most of the learning theory applied in child rearing and in classrooms. Parents and teachers still find that, in many instances, individuals do learn when provided with the appropriate blend of stimuli, rewards, negative reinforcement, and punishments. Especially with small children and simpler tasks, behavioral principles are often effective.
Eventually, however, educators began to feel that although stimulus-response does explain many human behaviors and has a legitimate place in instruction, behaviorism alone was not sufficient to explain all the phenomena observed in learning situations. The teacher’s are able to use this approach but they have to consider about the weaknesses and try to solve the weaknesses.
Conclusion