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01 - Argumentation 02 - Scientific Method 03 - Cognitive Biases 04 - Media Literacy …
A set of tools and habits.
01 - Argumentation 02 - Scientific Method 03 - Cognitive Biases 04 - Media Literacy …
A set of tools and habits.
Reason 1 Reason 2 Reason 3 … __________________________________ Conclusion
What is an argument?
?
Two simple ways how arguments can go wrong
Relevance
#Sufficiency
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The reasons provided, while psychologically persuasive, are logically irrelevant to the conclusion they are supposed to support.
Fallacies of relevance.
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Pointing out someone’s personal characteristics in an attempt to discredit his/her argument.
Personal attack (ad hominem).
Suggesting that a conclusion is correct just because it is linked with some past or present tradition.
Appeal to tradition.
Providing someone’s opinion as a reason for accepting a conclusion, even though the individual has no relevant expertise on the topic.
Appeal to irrelevant authority.
While the reasons provided are logically relevant, without additional support they are insufficient to warrant the conclusion.
Fallacies of sufficiency.
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Using personal experience or isolated examples as evidence in support of a conclusion.
Anecdotal evidence.
Suggestion that, just because B happened after or simultaneously with A, B happened because of A.
Correlation implies causation.
Become familiar with the most important tools.
Critical thinking - the way forward.
Apply them regularly, create habits.
Reason well, make good decisions.
