Aspects of emotion

Welcome to Psychology 102

Motivation & Emotion

Dr James NeillCentre for Applied PsychologyUniversity of Canberra2016

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Aspects of emotion

Image source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amarguraubeda.JPGImage by: http://www.cristodelacada.es/Image license: Public domainAcknowledgements: This lecture is based in part on instructor resource slides from Wiley.

Wednesday 5 October, 2016, 12:30-14:30, 12B27124-6665 Motivation and Emotion / GCentre for Applied PsychologyFaculty of HealthUniversity of CanberraBruce, ACT 2601, Australiaph: +61 2 6201 [email protected]://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion

Aspects of emotion(Emotion Part 2):Biological, cognitive &
social aspects

Reading:Reeve (2015)
Ch 13(pp. 369-403)

What is an emotion?

What causes an emotion?

How many emotions are there?

What good are the emotions?

Can we control our emotions?

What is the difference between emotion and mood?

Review of previous lecture:
Perennial questions about emotion

What is an emotion?

FeelingsSubjective experience

Phenomenological awareness

Cognitive interpretation

Bodily arousalBodily preparation for action

Physiological activiation

Motor responses

Emotion

Sense of purposeImpulse to action

Goal-directed motivational state

Functional aspect to coping

Significantlife event

Based on Reeve (2015, Figure 12.1 Four components of emotion, p. 340)

Social-expressiveSocial communication

Facial expression

Vocal expression

A distinct pattern of neural activity

What is an emotion?

FeelingsSubjective experience

Phenomenological awareness

Cognitive interpretation

Bodily arousalBodily preparation for action

Physiological activiation

Motor responses

Emotion

Sense of purposeImpulse to action

Goal-directed motivational state

Functional aspect to coping

Significantlife event

Based on Reeve (2015, Figure 12.1 Four components of emotion, p. 340)

Social-expressiveSocial communication

Facial expression

Vocal expression

A distinct pattern of neural activity

Basic emotions

Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 347-349)

Basic emotionsFearAngerDisgustSadnessInterestJoyNegative emotion theme Response to threat and harm

Positive emotion theme Response to involvement and satisfaction

potential of threat and harm

fighting off threat and harm

rejecting threat and harm

after threat and harm

motive involve-ment

satis-faction

What good are the emotions?


Utility of
emotionCoping functionsSocial functions

Situation selection

Situation modification

Attentional focus

Reappraisal

Suppression

How can we control our emotions?


Suppression (and other defence mechanisms)

What is the difference between
emotion & mood?

Based on Reeve (2015, p. 361)

Significant life eventsSpecificShort-livedIll-definedInfluence cognitionLong-livedAntecedents

Action-Specificity

Time course

CriteriaEmotions

Moods

Outline Aspects of emotion


BiologicalCognitiveSocial-culturalJames-Lange theory

Contemporary perspective

Brain activity

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Appraisal

Complex appraisal

Appraisal process

Emotion differentiation

Emotion knowledge

Attributions

Emotions affect cognition

Social interaction

Social sharing of emotion

Cultural construction of emotion

Biological and
cognitive aspects of emotion

Based on Reeve (2015, Based on Table 13.1, p. 370)

BiologicalCognitive Autonomic nervous system

Subcortical brain circuits

Facial feedback

Appraisals

Knowledge

Attributions

Biological aspects of emotion

Image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bipolar_Dyptych_1_365.jpg

Notes: This is the first section within the Aspects of Emotion chapter of Reeve (2009)

Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bipolar_Dyptych_1_365.jpgImage by: Capra RoyaleImage license: Creative Commons Share-Alike 2.0 Generic, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/deed.en

Does each emotion have unique bodily reactions?

(To what extent) do bodily changes induce emotion?

Stimulus Emotion Bodily reaction
Stimulus Bodily reaction Emotion

What is the role of bodily reactions in emotion?


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Image source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Autoroute_icone.svgLicense: CC-BY-A 2.5Author: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Doodledoo

J-L theory rests on two assumptions: The body reacts uniquely to different emotion-eliciting events. Different patterns of activity cause different emotions.

The body does not react to non-emotion-eliciting events. If body changes do not occur, then emotion does not occur.

James-Lange theory of emotion

Emotional experience is a way of making sense of bodily changes
sudden cold shower
increased heart-rate/arousal
emotion (e.g., surprise/shock/fear)


William James and Carl Lange

Body reactions are actually part of the fight or flight response that does not vary between emotions.

Emotional experience is quicker than the physiological reaction.

The role of physiological arousal is to augments, rather than cause, emotion. Its role is small, supplemental, and relatively unimportant.

James-Lange theory of emotion:
Criticisms




Distinct physiological differences (e.g., heart rate and skin temperature) are evident for some emotions (e.g., anger, fear, sadness, and disgust). But only a few emotions have distinct ANS patterns (ones with survival value).

Emotions recruit biological and physiological support to enable adaptive behaviours such as fighting, fleeing, and nurturing.

James-Lange theory of emotion:
Contemporary perspective




Distinct neural circuits (Gray): Behavioural approach system

Fight or flight system

Behavioural inhibition system
( Joy, Fear, Rage and Anxiety)

Basic emotion brain activity: Happiness (9 areas)

Sadness (35 areas)

Anger (13 areas)

Fear (11 areas)

Disgust (16 areas)

Brain activity for specific emotions




Emotion stems from feelings aroused by: Movements of the facial musculature

Changes in facial temperature

Changes in glandular activity in the facial skin

Facial feedback hypothesis

e.g., Does smiling make you happy?


Image source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Expression_of_the_Emotions_Figure_1.pngImage author: Charles BellLicense: Public domain


Sequence of the emotion-activating events according to the FFH

Based on Reeve (2015, Figure 13.1, p. 376)

There are 80 facial muscles, 36 of which are involved in facial expression. 8 of these muscles are sufficient for differentiating among the basic emotions: Upper: frontalis (forehead), corrugator (eyebrows), orbicularis (around eyes)

Middle: zygomaticus (corners of mouth to cheekbone), nasalis (wrinkles nose)

Lower: depressor (corners of mouth down), orbicularis oris (circular muscle around mouth), quadratus labii (draws corners of mouth backwards)

Facial musculature



Strong version: FF engenders emotion.

Weak version: FF modifies intensity of emotion
i.e., there is a two-way relation between emotional feeling and emotional expression.

Critics contend that the effect of FF is small.




Paul Ekman tested cross-cultural recognition of facial expressions in the 1970s.

Agreement across cultures was very high.

This provided evidence that facial expression of emotion is cross-culturally universal and has an innate, unlearned component.

Are facial expressions of emotion universal across cultures?



Basic emotions exercise

In pairs, each person facially expresses each of these emotions until the partner guesses right:

Fear

Anger

Disgust

Sadness

Interest

Joy

Ekman's work on basic emotions

Video (11 mins 24 secs):http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-PFqzYoKkCc

Cognitive aspects of emotion

Image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bipolar_Dyptych_1_365.jpg

Notes: This is the second section within the Aspects of Emotion chapter of Reeve (2009)

Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bipolar_Dyptych_1_365.jpgImage by: Capra RoyaleImage license: Creative Commons Share-Alike 2.0 Generic, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/deed.en

Cognitive aspects of emotion


Without an antecedent cognitive appraisal of the event, emotions do not occur.

central construct in cognitive understanding of emotion

The appraisal, not the event itself, causes the emotion.

An appraisal is an estimate of the personal significance of an event.

Appraisal theory of emotion


SITUATION

Life event

APPRAISAL

Good or Bad(beneficial vs. harmful)

EMOTIONS

Liking vs.Disliking

ACTION

Approach vs.Withdrawal

Arnolds Appraisal Theory of Emotion

Questions:How does the perception of an object or event produce a good or bad appraisal?

How does the appraisal generate emotion?

How does felt emotion express itself in action?

How does the perception of an object or event produce a good or bad appraisal?

How does the appraisal generate emotion?

How does felt emotion express itself in action?

*

Based on Reeve
(2015, Figure 13.7,
p. 347)

Appraisal

Type of benefit Making progress toward a goal

Taking credit for an achievement

Improving on a distressing condition

Believing a desired outcome is possible

Desiring or participating in affection

Being moved by anothers suffering

Appreciating an altruistic gift

Type of harm Being demeaned by a personal offense

Transgressing a moral imperative

Failing to live up to an ego ideal

Experiencing an irrevocable loss

Taking in an indigestible object or idea

Type of threat Facing an uncertain, unspecific threat

Facing immediate, overwhelming danger

Wanting what someone else has

Resenting a rival for ones own loss

Emotion

Happiness

Pride

Pride

Hope

Love

Compassion

Gratitude

Anger

Guilt

Shame

Sadness

Disgust

Anxiety

Fright

Envy

Jealousy

SITUATION

Life event

Cognitive processesthat intervene between important life events and physiological andbehavioural reactivity.Lazarus's
complex
appraisals

Complex appraisal theories are about 65-70% accurate in predicting people's emotions. Why not 100%? Other processes contribute e.g., biology

Appraisals intensify rather than cause emotion

Patterns of appraisal for many emotions overlap

Developmental differences

Emotion knowledge and attributions

Appraisal theory of emotion


Emotion differentiation


Appraisal decision tree to differentiate among 17 emotions

Responsibility

Goal/need at stake and pleasantness

Coping ability

We learn to distinguish finer shades of emotion as we develop (these distinctions are stored cognitively).

An individual's emotion knowledge is the number of emotions s/he can distinguish.

Emotion knowledge partially underlies the rationale for teaching emotional intelligence.

Emotion knowledge



An attribution is the reason the person uses to explain an important life outcome.

Primary attribution good or bad

Secondary attribution cause

Primary + secondary attributions emotion

Attributions




An attribution is the reason a persons uses to explain an important life outcome.

Attribution theory of emotion

The attribution roots of the seven emotions.

Social aspects of emotion

Image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Just_love.jpg

Notes: This is the third section within the Aspects of Emotion chapter of Reeve (2009)

Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Just_love.jpg

Image by: Renee, http://www.flickr.com/people/80355002@N00Image license: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en



Appraisal contributes a cognitive understanding of emotion.

Social interaction contributes a social understanding of emotion.

The socio-cultural context contributes a cultural understanding of emotion.

Mimicry

Feedback

Contagion

Emotion via social interaction



Similar & dissimilar basic emotions for people from different cultures

Based on Reeve, Figure 13.12 Cluster analysis of basic emotion families in Chinese and English (2015, p. 399)



Other people and cultures instruct us about the causes of our emotions.How we should express our emotions.When to control our emotions,

Emotion knowledge

Expression management

Emotion management

Emotions show ANS specificity (i.e., anger, fear, sadness, joy, and disgust show distinct changes in blood pressure and skin temperature)

Therefore, sensors built into mobile devices, mice, equipment during work, entertainment, exercise etc. could potentially monitor emotion and adjust programming accordingly.

Affective computing



Robots that show emotion
David Hanson

Video (4 mins 58 secs):http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/david_hanson_robots_that_relate_to_you.html

Biological: Emotions energise and direct bodily actions by affecting the ANS, neural brain circuits, and facial feedback.

Cognitive: Appraisal evaluates the significance of events, and attribution explains the cause of events. Different appraisals/attributions lead to different emotions.

Social: Other people are rich sources for our emotion e.g., through mimicry, feedback, contagion, and social sharing of emotion.

Cultural: Cultural construction of emotion guides members about how to experiences, express, and manage emotions in socially acceptable ways.

Summary



EmotionsIndividual emotions (Ch14)

Applied concernsUnconscious motivation (Ch 15)

Growth psychology (Ch 16)

Interventions & review (Ch 17)

Upcoming lectures



References

Reeve, J. (2009). Understanding motivation and emotion (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Reeve, J. (2015). Understanding motivation and emotion (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Note: Image credits are in the slide notes

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Aspects of emotion