AristotleRuhulla Abdul

2nd year IFF student

Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation

Moscow 2015

Biography• Aristotle was born in 384 BC in Stagira (Macedonia)• His father was physician to the king of Macedonia.• When he was 7, he went to study at Plato’s Academy.• Began as a student, became a researcher and finally a teacher.• Was considered one of Plato’s best students.• Plato died and willed the Academy to his nephew.• Aristotle left and founded the Lyceum.• 342 tutored the Macedonian prince, Alexander; little

discernible influence• 335 returned to Athens, where he wrote most of his works;• Died in Euboea in 322.

Stagira, MacedoniaAristotle Statue

Mentor and Be Mentored

Alexander The GreatPlato Socrates Aristotle

The historical significance of Aristotle• The founder of psychology • Aristotle divided philosophy into types:

• Theoretical: studying the problems of Genesis, the origin of all things, the causes of various phenomena;

• Practical: of human activities, the structure of the state; • Poetry; • Logic as part of philosophy (A is A, etc.)

• Historical value of Aristotle's philosophy: • made significant changes to several provisions of Plato's philosophy by criticizing the

doctrine of “Pure ideas”; • gave a physical interpretation of the origin of the world and man; • allocated 10 philosophical categories; • gave the definition of Being through the categories; • defined the essence of matter; • identified six types of state and gave the concept of the ideal type of polity; • made a significant contribution to the development of logic, gave the concept of the

deductive method (from the particular to the general);

Division of science by Aristotle• Theoretical science:• Metaphysics, examines the root causes of all things;• Physics, examines the state of the bodies and certain matter;• Mathematics, studies the abstract properties of real things

• Practical science:• Ethics - the science of normal human behavior;• Economy;• Politics;

• Creative science related to the activities of the creators:• Poetics; theory of poetry;• Rhetoric - theory of oratory;• The art of crafts.

Ontology

• Physics — the science of motion, which is possible due to the ontological difference between power and energy. • Metaphysics — the study of the first principles of being, or first

philosophy. Four causes: • The material cause: “that out of which”, Initial matter expressed in terms of the

five elements: water, earth, air, fire and aether (heavenly substance). e.g., the bronze of a statue. • The formal cause: “the form”, “the account of what-it-is-to-be”, the essence of

things. e.g., the shape of a statue • The efficient cause: “the primary source of the change or rest”, e.g., the artisan, the

art of bronze-casting the statue, the man who gives advice, the father of the child.• The final cause: “the end, that for the sake of which a thing is done”, e.g., health is

the end of walking, losing weight, purging, drugs, and surgical tools.

the philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming, existence, or reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations

OntologyAristotle’s Ten CategoriesBeing is a Substance (ousia, “essence”), which has the following properties:• Quantity (poson, “how much”)• Quality (poion, “of what kind or quality”)• Relation (pros ti, “toward something”)• Place (pou, “where”)• Time (pote, “when”)• Position (keisthai, “to lie”)• State or habitus (echein, “to have”)• Action (poiein, “to make” or “to do”)• Affection (paschein, “to suffer” or “to undergo”)

Predication•A subject (hupokeimenon) is what a statement is about.•A predicate (katêgoroumenon) is what a statement says about its subject.Examples:•This (particular animal) is a man.•Man is an animal.•This (particular color) is white.•White is a color.

https://faculty.washington.edu/smcohen/320/cats320.htm

.

OntologyIn his Categories, Aristotle identifies ten possible kinds of things that may be the subject or the predicate of a proposition. For Aristotle there are four different ontological dimensions:• according to the various categories or ways of addressing a being as

such• according to its truth or falsity (e.g. fake gold, counterfeit money)• whether it exists in and of itself or simply 'comes along' by accident• according to its potency, movement (energy) or finished presence

(Metaphysics Book Theta).

Gnosiology (epistemology)• For Aristotle cognition has as its subject the being• The Basis of experience - in sensations, memory and habit• All knowledge begins with the senses• But a truly scientific forms of knowledge are the concepts of comprehending the essence of things• Aristotle is also the founder of logic. He formulated the laws of logic:

• the law of identity - the notion should be used in the same meaning during reasoning (A is A);• the law of contradiction - "Nothing can both be and not to be“; • the law of excluded middle - "Everything must either be or not to be“

• There is no knowledge without sensation• The purpose of science in the full defining of the subject, which can be achieved only by connecting

the induction and deduction:1) knowledge of each property must be acquired from experience;2) the belief that that property is important, must be shown using a syllogism (is a kind of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two or more propositions that are asserted or assumed to be true)

• Aristotle developed the doctrine of syllogisms, which deals with all kinds of deductions in the process of reasoning.

("study of knowledge"), a term of 18th century aesthetics, is "the philosophy of knowledge and cognition" 

All men are mortalSocrates is a manTherefore, Socrates is mortal

Ethicsmoral teaching

• Has built a social system of moral relations and in public relations searched the basic principle of morality

• Individual, isolated from society, is unable to manifest morality and only in society behaviour can be virtuous or nonvirtuous

• Virtuous behavior is distinguished by his conscious character, good intention and focus primarily on the achievement of justice

• Justice also refers to Aristotle as something that conforms to the laws• Therefore, anyone who violates the law is unjust• Aristotle believed that the human virtues is acquired qualities.

• Wisdom• Prudence• Generosity• Courage• Nobility

• Ethics in General Aristotle defines as a practical philosophy

Justice

Politicsthe doctrine of the state

• People can only live in a society in terms of the political system, because "man is by nature a political creature.“

• To properly arrange the social life people need politics

• The essence of politics is revealed through its purpose is to give the citizens of high moral qualities, to make their people to act justly

• The state - a product of natural development, but at the same time the highest form of communication

• Man by nature is the political creature and the state finish the process of the political nature of man

• The best form of the state, according to Aristotle, is a polity - a set of mild to moderate oligarchy and democracy, the state of "middle class"

Politics

Thank You

“We think in pictures. If you wish to change what you think, change the picture.” Aristot

le

References• http://studopedia.org/5-95091.html• http://edu.dvgups.ru/METDOC/CGU/FILOSOF/FILOSOF/METOD/K_L/WEBUMK/frame/3.htm• http://web-local.rudn.ru/web-local/disc/?id=2074&rasd_id=38593&v=3310• http://www.krags.ru/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D

1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF.%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F.pdf

• http://rushist.com/index.php/philosophical-articles/2385-etika-aristotelya-kratko• http://www.philodream.ru/philos-173-1.html• http://vunivere.ru/work208• http://worldofscience.ru/filosofija/9930-ontologiya-gnoseologiya-logika-i-teologiya-aristotel

ya.html• http://www.philosophy-msmsu.narod.ru/Lections/Philosophy/Aristotles.html• http://westud.ru/work/252878/Osnovnye-ontologicheskie-i-gnoseologicheskie• http://yanko.lib.ru/books/philosoph/yakushev=philosophy-konspekt_lekciy.htm#_Toc92054

867• http://www.studfiles.ru/preview/1828412/• https://traditio.wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%

B5%D0%BB%D1%8C#.D0.9E.D0.BD.D1.82.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B3.D0.B8.D1.8F• https://docs.google.com/document/d/1eR86EZBLIs_3iF2W-PDS2sB63W7xImR9E9JlLQvt9eA

/edit• http://iph.ras.ru/elib/0264.html• http://refsurf.ru/1149502278.html• http://rgrtu-640.narod.ru/philosophy/7.html• http://works.tarefer.ru/91/100749/index.html• https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%

82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle• http://www.stenudd.com/aristotle/aristotle-life-09-corpus.htm