ARCH 416

Spring ‘15

Class 10 Cities, Transport & Industry

agenda 2.25.15

exam results

exam review

The Mercantile City (18th century)

The Industrial City (19th century)

transport

horse-drawn omnibus

canals

railroads

Union Stockyards, Chicago

Bootts Mills, Lowell, MA

William Flagler and the Making of Florida

Hour Test 1 grade distribution

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Hour Test 1 Statistics

Minimum Value 66.25

Maximum Value 98.00

Range 31.75

Average 83.55

Median 81.67

Please use this map of Edenton, North Carolina from 1769 to answer the

following questions. Which of the following are TRUE of this city (choose ALL

that apply)?

a. This is an inland city.

b. This is a port city.

c. This city grew organically from the docks inward, much like the city of

Boston.

d. This city was planned and laid out in a regular grid.

e. This city had only one multi-purpose meeting house in the center of

town.

f. This city has public buildings serving several different functions.

g. The justice system in this city includes a building for isolating prisoners

over time and reforming them.

h. This city's wealth is probably based around trade.

i. The church is one of the city's largest buildings and occupies a large

piece of open land.

A burial such as this one (shown in a museum reconstruction here) suggests (choose ALL of the following that are TRUE):

a. a society with little prosperity.

b. a society with ample prosperity.

c. a society with a developed social hierarchy.

d. a society with minimal social hierarchy.

e. a society with religious beliefs regarding an afterlife.

f. a society with few or no religious beliefs.

g. a society with toolmaking traditions and a degree of craftsmanship in toolmaking.

h. a society with few tools and traditions of craftsmanship.

The buildings shown in this photograph are characteristic of

(choose ALL that apply):

a. an agricultural setting.

b. an urban setting.

c. the South.

d. New England.

e. the midAtlantic.

f. the midwest.

g. facilities run primarily by wage labor.

h. facilities run primarily by slave labor.

urbanization of USA

in 1790, only 5% of US population lived in cities

why? what factors would constrain urban population?

pattern of preindustrial city

it is typically a port city, because of the nature of trade (by sea)

it is very compact: people walk, goods are transported by cart

here’s the pattern you can expect to see:

waterfront—wharves, workers, warehouses, activities

merchant offices, workshops

public buildings, churches, shops, homes for elite famiilies

quarters/districts for specific occupations, which were conducted in live/work spaces

housing for shopkeepers, laborers

town edges: commercial activities that needed more space, breweries, tanneries, slaughterhouses, mills

very poor living in back alleys or edges of city

Boston, 1768

Boston, 1768

Philadelphia, 1768

Newport, RI (1795)

characteristic pattern of

colonial development

on the water: using windpower for transport

compact: walkable distances

trade is the priority: unloading, storage, some workshops at the water’s edge

next ribbon is public buildings, commerce, and churches

next ribbon is best houses in town

followed by less significant housing

US cities better connected with Great Britain than with each other (sea routes much easier to cross than land routes)

early nationhood: need to build an infrastructure for commerce within the USA

Colonial America by 1750

based around Eastern seaboard

purpose of a colony

to provide natural resources to the mother country

to serve as a market for finished goods from the mother

country

after Independence

This pattern is obviously going to change.

The states need to become connected with one another.

The seaboard cities need to become connected with the

agricultural hinterlands.

Philadelphia and Lancaster

Turnpike

begun in 1792

financed by a private company

first toll road built using engineered plans

opened in 1795

in decline by the 1840s due to rise of canals and railroads

Erie Canal (1825)

New York State chartered the Erie Canal, financed through a bond sale.

363 miles long; elevation differential of 565 ft.; 36 locks

artificial waterway connecting Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean

connects Albany, NY (on Hudson) with Buffalo, NY (on Lake Erie)

major impact on growth of midwest, connecting farmers with large eastern markets

became profitable very quickly and initiated a boom in canal building that ended in 1850 when railroads became seriously competitive

Blackstone Canal (1828)

Connected Providence, RI with Worcester, MA.

Completed in 1828, was defunct by 1848.

Blackstone Valley was where Samuel Slater built his first

textile mill.

So, what happened in the 1840s?

famines in Ireland in 1830s and 40s

impact of industrialization in Europe in 1850s

mechanization of agriculture ruralurban migration

waves of mass migration to USA

German-speaking countries, France, Belgium

Scandinavian countries in the 1870s

Italians, and Eastern Europeans in the 1880s and 1890s

within the USA: same increases in agricultural productivity (triggering rural to urban migration)

canals and railroads support growth by delivering food

freight capacity

speed

reliability

these new cities will not look

the same

new patterns of development will be superimposed upon

the old

new cities will develop along new lines

new cities, first

sites with abundant energy resources nearby

coal

Allentown

Harrisburg, PA

water power

on the Fall Line in New England

mining towns to supply coal

Norton, VA

transportation hubs

where the new transport infrastructure intersects

canal towns and rail towns

heavy manufacturing towns

Pittsburgh, PA is a classic example

but, the biggest growth will

be in already existing large

cities…

why?

initial advantage

largest pools of labor

largest markets

existing traditions in craftsmanship, entrepreneurship

pools of capital for investment and lending

nonetheless these cities will

have to change

the old, compact walkable model will no longer suffice with

massive influxes of population

urban transport

initially

the wealthy had carriages

everyone else walked

new idea: create ways to move passengers around

The earliest form of urban mass transport:

1828 Abraham Brower founded the first company to do this.

12-passenger, horse drawn carriage carrying passengers along Broadway in New York City.

Ran from the Battery to Greenwich Village.

Flat fare of 12 cents.

Philadelphia had this in 1831 and Boston in 1835.

By the 1840s, hundreds of horse-drawn omnibuses in NYC alone.

Also in Brooklyn, St. Louis, New Orleans, Baltimore, Washington, DC

horse-drawn omnibus

pros: many

passengers=low fare

cons=very hard on

horses

what came next?

Horse-Drawn Streetcar, NYC

Washington, GA (1905)

transportation infrastructure

overview

turnpikes (1790-1840)

canals (1820s-1840s)

railroads (c. 1840)

interstate highway system (c. 1950)

what will be next?

Urban Centers 2014

World’s Largest Cities

1975

1. Tokyo 19.8 m

2. New York 15.9 m

3. Shanghai 11.4 m

4. Mexico City 11.2 m

5. São Paulo 9.9 m

6. Osaka 9.8 m

7. Buenos Aires 9.1 m

8. Los Angeles 8.9 m

9. Paris 8.9 m

10. Beijing 8.5 m

2015

1. Tokyo 28.7 million

2. Bombay 27.4 million

3. Lagos 24.4 million

4. Shanghai 23.4 million

5. Jakarta 21.2 million

6. São Paulo 20.8 million

7. Karachi 20.6 million

8. Beijing 19.4 million

9. Dhaka 19.0 million

10. Mexico City 18.8 million