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Chisholm InstituteChisholm InstituteDepartment of Health & Community CareDepartment of Health & Community Care
Diploma of Remedial Massage HLT50307Diploma of Remedial Massage HLT50307
Anatomy & Physiology 2Anatomy & Physiology 2
Lesson 1: Lesson 1: Bony landmarks, planes & sections,Bony landmarks, planes & sections,
Chisholm Institute – Diploma of Remedial Massage Version 1.10
Introduction to advanced anatomyA&P LAP 2010Discussion regarding each region of the
musculoskeletal system to be coveredFormat/structure for each regional lectureWet Lab sessionsAssessment tasks for A&P 2010Introduction to terminology & definitions
Chisholm Institute – Diploma of Remedial Massage & Myotherapy Version 1.10
Definitionsorigin n. (in anatomy)
1. the point of attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during contraction of the muscle (compare insertion).
2. the point at which a nerve or blood vessel branches from a main nerve or blood vessel.’
insertion n. (in anatomy) ‘the point of attachment of a muscle (eg. to a bone) that is relatively movable when the muscle contracts (compare origin).’
Chisholm Institute – Diploma of Remedial Massage & Myotherapy Version 1.10
Bone surface markings• The surfaces of bones have various structural features
adapted to specific functions.
• These features are called bone surface markings, more commonly referred to as bony landmarks.
• Examples of bony landmarks include….
Chisholm Institute – Diploma of Remedial Massage & Myotherapy Version 1.10
Bony landmarks1. Depressions and openings:
A foramen (meaning ‘hole’) is an openingthrough which blood vessels, nerves orligaments pass. Eg. Foramen magnum of the occipital bone.
Chisholm Institute – Diploma of Remedial Massage & Myotherapy Version 1.10
Bony landmarks1. Depressions and openings:
A meatus (meaning “passage”) is a tubelike channel extending within a bone.Eg. the external auditory meatus of the temporal bone
Chisholm Institute – Diploma of Remedial Massage & Myotherapy Version 1.10
Bony landmarks1. Depressions and openings:
A fossa (meaning ‘ditch’ or ‘trench’) is a shallow depression in or on a bone.
Eg. the infraspinous fossa of the scapula
Infraspinous
fossa
Chisholm Institute – Diploma of Remedial Massage & Myotherapy Version 1.10
Bony landmarks2. Processes that form joints:
A condyle (meaning ‘knuckle-like’ process) is a large, rounded prominence that forms a joint,
such as the medial condyle of the femur.
Condyle
Chisholm Institute – Diploma of Remedial Massage & Myotherapy Version 1.10
Bony landmarks2. Processes that form joints:
A head is a rounded projection forming a joint and is supported on the constricted portion (neck) of a bone.
Eg. head of the femur.
Head of the femur
Chisholm Institute – Diploma of Remedial Massage & Myotherapy Version 1.10
Bony landmarks2. Processes that form joints:
A facet is a smooth, flat articular surface.
Eg. facet on a vertebra
Chisholm Institute – Diploma of Remedial Massage & Myotherapy Version 1.10
Bony landmarks3. Processes to which tendons, ligaments, and other
connective tissues attach :
A tuberosity is a large,
rounded projection, usually
with a rough surface.
Eg. deltoid tuberosity
of the humerus.
Chisholm Institute – Diploma of Remedial Massage & Myotherapy Version 1.10
Bony landmarks3. Processes to which tendons, ligaments, and other
connective tissues attach :
A spinous process or spine is a sharp, slender projection.
Eg. spinous processes of the vertebra
Vertebral spinous
process
Chisholm Institute – Diploma of Remedial Massage & Myotherapy Version 1.10
Bony landmarks3. Processes to which tendons, ligaments, and other connective
tissues attach :
A trochanter is a large,
blunt projection found
only on the femur
(greater trochanter)
greater trochanter
Chisholm Institute – Diploma of Remedial Massage & Myotherapy Version 1.10
Bony landmarks3. Processes to which tendons, ligaments, and other connective
tissues attach:
A crest is a prominent border or ridge.
Eg. iliac crest of the pelvis
iliac crest
Chisholm Institute – Diploma of Remedial Massage & Myotherapy Version 1.10
Bony landmarks4. Other bony landmarks:
A trochlea is a ‘pulley-like’ end of bone that is smooth and grooved.
Eg. the trochlea on the distal humerus
Chisholm Institute – Diploma of Remedial Massage & Myotherapy Version 1.10
Bony landmarks4. Other bony landmarks:
A sulcus is a narrow groove.
Eg. the central sulcus of the brain
Chisholm Institute – Diploma of Remedial Massage & Myotherapy Version 1.10
Bony landmarks4. Other bony landmarks:
A ramus is an extension of a
bone that makes an angle to
the rest of the structure.
Eg. inferior pubic ramus of
the pelvis.
inferior pubic ramus
Chisholm Institute – Diploma of Remedial Massage & Myotherapy Version 1.10
Planes of movementSagittal plane:Is a vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into
right and left sides.
More specifically, when such a plane passes through the midline of the body or organ, dividing it into equal right and left sides it is called a midsagittal plane.
If the sagittal plane does not pass through the midline, and divides the body into unequal right and left sides, the term parasagittal plane (meaning ‘near-sagittal’) is used.
Chisholm Institute – Diploma of Remedial Massage & Myotherapy Version 1.10
Chisholm Institute – Diploma of Remedial Massage & Myotherapy Version 1.10
Planes of movementFrontal/coronal plane:• is any vertical plane dividing the body or organ into front
and back (anterior and posterior) parts.
Chisholm Institute – Diploma of Remedial Massage & Myotherapy Version 1.10
Planes of movementTransverse plane:• divides the body or organ into upper and lower (superior
and inferior) parts. Also known as a ‘cross-sectional’ or horizontal plane.
Chisholm Institute – Diploma of Remedial Massage & Myotherapy Version 1.10
Planes of movementSagittal, frontal and transverse planes are all at right angles to each other
Chisholm Institute – Diploma of Remedial Massage & Myotherapy Version 1.10
Planes of movementOblique plane:passes through the body or an organ at an angle
between the transverse and sagittal planes OR between the transverse and frontal planes.
Chisholm Institute – Diploma of Remedial Massage & Myotherapy Version 1.10
Axes of movementSagittal axis:the sagittal axis is a point passing horizontally through
the body antero-posteriorly. It is also known as the antero-posterior (a/p) axis. Movement occurring around this axis takes place in the frontal or coronal plane.
ie movements that occur in this plane are abduction & adduction
Chisholm Institute – Diploma of Remedial Massage & Myotherapy Version 1.10
Axes of movementFrontal/coronal axis:the frontal/coronal axis is a point passing horizontally
through the body from one side to the other. Movement occurring around this axis takes place in the sagittal plane.
ie movements that occur in this plane are flexion & extension
Chisholm Institute – Diploma of Remedial Massage & Myotherapy Version 1.10
Axes of movementLongitudinal axis:also known as the vertical axis, the
longitudinal axis passes through the
body, superiorly to inferiorly. Movement
occurring around this axis takes place
in the transverse plane.
ie movements that occur in this plane
are internal & external rotation
(pronation & supination in the forearm)
Chisholm Institute – Diploma of Remedial Massage & Myotherapy Version 1.10