Higher Education as Instrument for Structural Change in Indonesia

March 16, 2012 By Anies Baswedan

Presented for USINDO

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Brief Info

• Population of more than 238 million people (2010).

• More than 300 ethnic groups.

• More than 700 living/spoken languages.

• Consists of 17,508 islands, about 5,000 of which are inhabited (5 of 10 world’s largest islands are in Indonesia)

• 54,716 km coastline, 2nd longest in the world (after Canada)

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Geographical Comparison

USA and Indonesia

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• The 2nd largest coal exporter;

• The largest Crude Palm Oil exporter (CPO is the material for bio-fuel, an energy alternative of the future);

• The largest tin exporter;

• One of the largest gas exporters;

• One of the largest copper exporters;

• More than half of the world's merchant fleet capacity sails through the straits of Malacca, strait of Sunda, and strait of Lombok.

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Overlooked…..

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• The 4th largest population (after China, India, and the US);

• The 3rd largest democracy (after India and the US);

• The largest Moslem Population ; (yet it is a non-religious based state: Pancasila)

• The 2nd largest biodiversity (after Brazil), home for 20% of world flora and fauna, 17% of world bird species, 25% of fish species;

• The 3rd largest tropical forest country;

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Overlooked…..

Page 6 Source: UNDP, UNESCO

Progress in Indonesian Education Achievement in Literacy Rate

Source: BAPPENAS, Laporan Repelita, BPS

5% 10%

47% 60%

67%

82% 90% 94%

1945 1950 1961 1970 1980 1990 2004 2010

Literacy Rate

5% 12% 15%

92%

66% 66%

Indonesia India Egypt1947 1937 1945

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1945 1968 1980 1990 2010

Elementary School 15,000 63,100 95,000s 136,600 165,491

Middle School 322 5,891 12,000s 18,000s 43,888

High-Vocational School 92 731 6,000s 11,000s 25,332

University (state & private) 5 39 1,000 1,200 3,585

Number of Institutions

Number of Students (in thousand)

1945 1968 1980 1990 2010

Elementary School 2,500 12,300 21,166 26,528 30,340

Middle School 90 1,150 2,983 5,853 11,770

High-Vocational School 19 482 1,574 4,031 8,180

University (state & private) < 2 156 425 1,621 4,890

State of Education: 1945 - 2010

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In the past 4 decades, the number of Indonesian Middle-income has grown significantly

Source: Statistical Bureau of Indonesia and Asian Development Bank (analyzed and estimated)

2.5 10.2

32

51

103

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Mill

ion

pe

op

le

Growth of Indonesian Middle-Income

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Number of University Students

Pendaftaran untuk tertiary, Indonesia

Jumlah

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

3,500,000

4,000,000

1970 2008

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1950's

Government established High School in Every District (+/- 150 districts)

1960's

Significant jump in the number of university students coming from the common people

1970's

University graduates entering job market in a fast developing economy of Indonesia

1980's

Emergence of Indonesian 1st generation of new middle class, coming from all level of the society.

Pengerahan Tenaga Mahasiswa Started (Student Mobilization Program)

8 Students volunteered to serve as high school teacher (2 year)

1952

Number of students serving as high-school teacher

1,418

161 Number of districts served by students

1962

Emergence of New Middle Class

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Demographic Bonus

Source: Ministry of Coordinator for Economic Affairs

Demographic Bonus: A Challenge for Indonesia

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Facility and Infrastructure of Education

Primary Junior

Secondary

Senior

Secondary

Higher

Education

Student

(million) 30,34 11,77 8,18 4,89

Teachers

(thousand) 1.876 902 719 263

Number of

Schools 165.491 43.888 25.332 3.585

Source: Ministry of Education and Culture

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5.3

4.4 4.0

3.4

2.9

2.2

1.1 0.8

Primary Junior Secondary

Senior Secondary

Higher Education

In

Out

In

Out In

Out In

Out

Source: Ministry of Education and Culture

Number of Students: Entrance and Graduates

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Access To Higher Education Has Expanded But Remains Unequal

Gross enrollment rates by economic quintiles, 2008 Percent

93

3

95

5

97

8

98

13

31

Q1-Bottom 20%

Higher/Tertiary Primary

Q5-Top 20%

Q4

Q3-Middle 20%

Q2

SOURCE: UNESCO “Higher Education in South-East Asia”

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790

363

322

329

198

7

209

5

6

13

9 11

161

8

10

2

4

335

77 51

4

4

36 60

Public

Private

SOURCE: Ministry of Education and Culture, 2010

Unequal Distribution of Higher Education Institutions

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Country Number of Researcher

in A Million Population

Research Budget to GDP

Ratio

Indonesia 90 0,08

Malaysia 365 0,63

Singapore 5.834 2,66

Thailand 316 0,21

India 136 0,76

China 1.999 1,47

South Korea 4.947 3,36

Japan 5.189 3,45

SOURCE: UNESCO Institute of Statistics

Number of Researcher Per A Million Population

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Rich

Poor

High Scores

Low Scores

OK

??? X

OK

Socio-Economic Background Determines Prospect For Getting Higher Education