ANGIOGRAPHIC ATLAS OF NEUROVASCULAR

BLACK KEY1 ascending thoracic aorta2 descending thoracic aorta3 innominate artery4 right subclavian artery5 stump of right common carotidartery6 right vertebral artery7 right thyrocervical trunk8 right costocervical trunk9 right internal mammary artery10 left subclavian artery11 left vertebral artery12 left thyrocervical trunk13 left costocervical trunk14 left internal mammary artery15 left common carotid artery

RED KEY2 internal carotid artery3 external carotid artery4 ascending pharyngeal artery5 occipital artery6 posterior auricular artery7 superior thyroid artery9 lingual artery10 facial artery11 superficial temporal artery12 internal maxillary artery24 transverse facial artery

BLACK KEY1 internal carotid artery – cervical segment2 internal carotid artery – vertical petroussegment3 internal carotid artery – horizontal petroussegment4 presellar segment (C5) internal carotidartery5 meningohypophyseal trunk6 horizontal (C4) intracavernous internalcarotid artery7 inferolateral trunk8 anterior genu (C3) intracavernous internalcarotid artery9 ophthalmic artery10 supraclinoid (C2) segment internal carotidartery11 supraclinoid (C1) segment internal carotidartery12 posterior communicating artery13 anterior choroidal artery15 A1 segment of anterior cerebral artery20 proximal A2 segment anterior cerebral artery21 callosomarginal branch of anterior cerebralartery22 orbitofrontal branch of anterior cerebralartery23 frontopolar branch of anterior cerebralartery

24 anterior internal frontal branch of anteriorcerebral artery25 middle internal frontal branch of anteriorcerebral artery26 posterior internal frontal branch of anteriorcerebral artery27 paracentral lobule artery branch of anteriorcerebral artery28 pericallosal branch of anterior cerebralartery29 superior internal parietal branch of anteriorcerebral artery30 inferior internal parietal branch of anteriorcerebral artery

RED KEY1 vertebral artery2 posterior inferior cerebellar artery3 basilar artery4 anterior inferior cerebellar artery5 superior cerebellar artery6.1 P1 segment of posterior cerebral artery6.2 P2 segment of posterior cerebral artery8 posterior temporal branch of posteriorcerebral artery9 parieto-occipital branch of posteriorcerebral artery10 calcarine branch of posterior cerebral artery11 anterior thalamoperforators12 posterior thalamoperforators13m medial posterior choroidal artery13L lateral posterior choroidal artery14 vertebral-basilar junction15 posterior pericallosal artery (splenialartery)16 pontine perforator17 anterior spinal arteryAT anterior temporal branches of posteriorcerebral arteryMT mid-temporal branches of posteriorcerebral artery

FIGURE KEY1 internal carotid artery - cervical segment2 internal carotid artery - vertical petrous segment3 internal carotid artery – horizontal petroussegment4 presellar segment (C5) internal carotid artery9 ophthalmic artery10 and 11 supraclinoid segment internal carotid artery13 anterior choroidal artery14 internal carotid artery bifurcation15 A1 segment of anterior cerebral artery16 medial lenticulostriate arteries17 recurrent artery of Heubner18 A1-A2 junction anterior cerebral artery

19 anterior communicating artery20 proximal A2 segment anterior cerebral artery21 callosomarginal branch of anterior cerebral artery28 pericallosal branch of anterior cerebral artery31 M1 segment of middle cerebral artery32 lateral lenticulostriate arteries33 bifurcation/trifurcation of middle cerebral artery34 anterior temporal lobe branches of middle cerebralartery43 sylvian point44 opercular branches of middle cerebral artery45 sylvian(insular) branches of middle cerebral artery

BLACK KEY1 vertebral artery2 posterior inferior cerebellar artery3 basilar artery4 anterior inferior cerebellar artery5 superior cerebellar artery5h hemispheric branch of superior cerebellar artery6.1 P1 segment of posterior cerebral artery6.2 P2 segment of posterior cerebral artery8 posterior temporal branch of posterior cerebral artery9 parieto-occipital branch of posterior cerebral artery10 calcarine branch of posterior cerebral artery13m medial posterior choroidal artery13L lateral posterior choroidal artery14 vertebral-basilar junction15 posterior pericallosal artery (splenial artery)16 pontine perforator17 anterior spinal arteryRED KEY10 supraclinoid (C2) segment internal carotid artery12 posterior communicating artery45 sylvian(insular) branches of middle cerebral artery

T H E AO RT I C A R C H

FIGURE KEY1 ascending thoracic aorta2 descending thoracic aorta3 innominate artery4 right subclavian artery5 right common carotid artery6 right vertebral artery9 right internal mammary artery10 left subclavian artery11 left vertebral artery12 left thyrocervical trunk14 left internal mammary artery15 left common carotid artery

C E RV I C A LVA S C U L AT U R E

Fig. 4.1 (a, b) Frontal (a) and lateral (b)left common carotid artery injection.Normal 2D appearance of the leftcommon carotid artery bifurcationregion.

FIGURE KEY1 common carotid artery2 internal carotid artery2b carotid bulb3 external carotid artery4 ascending pharyngeal artery5 occipital artery6 posterior auricular artery7 superior thyroid artery9 lingual artery10 facial artery11 superficial temporal artery12 internal maxillary artery

I N T R AC R A N I A LC A ROT I D A RT E RY

C I R C U L AT I O N / A N T E R I O RC I R C U L AT I O N

Fig. 5.1a Lateral 2D view followinginternal carotid artery injection earlyarterial phase. Non-filling of the anteriorcerebral artery allows for an unobtrusiveview of the proximal middle cerebralartery (mca) branches. Note the filling ofthe embryonic persistent trigeminalartery (*) providing communicationbetween the carotid and vertebral-basilarcirculation. The names of the distalbranches of the mca have been placed ina template fashion. This allows forgreater variability of the proximalbranching pattern of the middle cerebral artery vessels.

FIGURE KEY1 internal carotid artery – cervical segment2 internal carotid artery – vertical petroussegment3 internal carotid artery – horizontal petroussegment4 presellar segment (Fischer C5) internalcarotid artery6 horizontal (Fischer C4) intracavernoussegment internal carotid artery7 inferolateral trunk8 anterior genu (Fischer C3) intracavernoussegment internal carotid artery9 ophthalmic artery10 proximal supraclinoid segment internalcarotid artery (from ophthalmic toposterior communicating artery)11 distal supraclinoid segment internalcarotid artery (from posteriorcommunicating artery to internal carotidartery bifurcation)43 sylvian point* persistent trigeminal artery

FIGURE KEY1 internal carotid artery – cervical segment2 internal carotid artery – vertical petroussegment3 internal carotid artery – horizontal petroussegment4 presellar (Fischer C5) segment internalcarotid artery6 horizontal (Fischer C4) intracavernoussegment internal carotid artery8 anterior genu (Fischer C3) intracavernoussegment internal carotid artery10 & 11 proximal and distal supraclinoidsegments internal carotid artery

FIGURE KEY1 internal carotid artery – cervical segment2 internal carotid artery – vertical petroussegment3 internal carotid artery – horizontal petroussegment4 presellar (Fischer C5) segment internalcarotid artery6 horizontal (Fischer C4) intracavernousinternal carotid artery8 anterior genu (Fischer C3) intracavernousinternal carotid artery9 ophthalmic artery35 orbitofrontal branch of middle cerebralartery36 operculofrontal branches of middlecerebral artery37 pre-central branch(es) of middle cerebralartery38 central rolandic branches of middlecerebral artery39a anterior parietal branch of middlecerebral artery39p posterior parietal branch of middlecerebral artery40 angular artery42m middle temporal branches of middlecerebral artery42p posterior temporal branches of middlecerebral artery43 sylvian point44 opercular branches of MCA

FIGURE KEY4 presellar (Fischer C5) segment internalcarotid artery6 horizontal (Fischer C4) intracavernousinternal carotid artery8 anterior genu (Fischer C3) intracavernousinternal carotid artery9 ophthalmic artery10 & 11 proximal and distal supraclinoidsegment internal carotid artery12 posterior communicating artery13 anterior choroidal artery16 medial lenticulostriate arteries21 callosomarginal branch of anteriorcerebral artery22 orbitofrontal branch of anterior cerebralartery23 frontopolar branch of anterior cerebralartery24 anterior internal frontal branch of anteriorcerebral artery25 middle internal frontal branch of anteriorcerebral artery26 posterior internal frontal branch ofanterior cerebral artery27 paracentral lobule artery branch ofanterior cerebral artery28 pericallosal branch of anterior cerebral artery29 superior internal parietal branch ofanterior cerebral artery30 inferior internal parietal branch ofanterior cerebral artery

FIGURE KEY2 internal carotid artery – vertical petroussegment3 internal carotid artery – horizontal petroussegment4 presellar (Fischer C5) segment internalcarotid artery5 meningohypophyseal trunk9 ophthalmic artery10 & 11 proximal and distal supraclinoidsegment internal carotid artery14 internal carotid artery bifurcation15 A1 segment anterior cerebral artery20 proximal A2 segment anterior cerebralartery21 callosomarginal branch of anteriorcerebral artery28 pericallosal branch of anterior cerebralartery31 M1 segment of middle cerebral artery32 lateral lenticulostriate arteries33 bifurcation/trifurcation of middle cerebralartery35 orbitofrontal branch of middle cerebralartery43 sylvian point44 opercular branches of middle cerebralartery45 sylvian (insular) branches of middlecerebral artery

FIGURE KEY1 internal carotid artery – cervical segment2 internal carotid artery – vertical petroussegment3 internal carotid artery – horizontal petroussegment4 presellar (Fischer C5) segment internalcarotid artery6 horizontal (Fischer C4) intracavernousinternal carotid artery8 anterior genu (Fischer C3) intracavernousinternal carotid artery9 ophthalmic artery10 & 11 proximal and distal supraclinoidsegment internal carotid artery13 anterior choroidal artery31 M1 segment of middle cerebral artery32 lateral lenticulostriate arteries33 bifurcation/trifurcation of middle cerebralartery35 orbitofrontal branch of middle cerebralartery39 parietal branch of middle cerebral artery40 angular artery41 temporo-occipital branch of middle cerebralartery43 sylvian point44 opercular branches of middle cerebral artery45 sylvian (insular) branches of middle cerebralartery* truncated lateral lenticulostriate arteries

FIGURE KEY1 internal carotid artery – cervical segment2 internal carotid artery – vertical petroussegment3 internal carotid artery – horizontal petroussegment4 presellar (Fischer C5) segment internalcarotid artery6 horizontal (Fischer C4) intracavernousinternal carotid artery9 ophthalmic artery10 & 11 proximal and distal supraclinoidsegment internal carotid artery12 posterior communicating artery13 anterior choroidal artery14 internal carotid artery bifurcation15 A1 segment of anterior cerebral artery17 recurrent artery of Heubner20 proximal A2 segment anterior cerebral artery21 callosomarginal branch of anterior cerebralartery28 pericallosal branch of anterior cerebral artery31 M1 segment of middle cerebral artery32 lateral lenticulostriate arteries33 bifurcation/trifurcation of middle cerebralartery34 anterior temporal lobe branches of middlecerebral artery35 orbitofrontal branch of middle cerebral artery43 sylvian point44 opercular branches of middle cerebral artery45 sylvian (insular) branches of middle cerebral artery

N T R AC R A N I A LV E RT E B R A L - B A S I L A R

C I R C U L AT I O N( P O S T E R I O R

C I R C U L AT I O N )

Fig. 6.1 (a–c) 2D frontal (a), lateral earlyarterial phase (b), and lateral late arterialphase (c) views following right vertebralartery injection. An intracranial view isshown. These images show normalintracranial vertebral basilar circulation.

FIGURE KEY1 vertebral artery2 posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)2v vermian branch of PICA2h hemispheric branch of PICA3 basilar artery4 anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)5 superior cerebellar artery (SCA)5h hemispheric branch of SCA6 posterior cerebral artery (PCA)6.2 P2 segment of posterior cerebral artery7 posterior communicating artery8 posterior temporal branch of PCA9 parieto-occipital branch of PCA10 calcarine branch of PCA11 anterior thalamoperforators12 posterior thalamoperforators13m medial posterior choroidal arteries13L lateral posterior choroidal arteries14 vertebral-basilar junction15 splenial branch (posterior pericallosal artery)of PCA17 anterior spinal artery** region of quadrigeminal plate cistern

FIGURE KEY1 vertebral artery2 posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)2v vermian branch of PICA2h hemispheric branch of PICA3 basilar artery4 anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)5 superior cerebellar artery (SCA)5h hemispheric branch of SCA6 posterior cerebral artery (PCA)6.2 P2 segment of posterior cerebral artery7 posterior communicating artery8 posterior temporal branch of PCA9 parieto-occipital branch of PCA10 calcarine branch of PCA11 anterior thalamoperforators12 posterior thalamoperforators13m medial posterior choroidal arteries13L lateral posterior choroidal arteries14 vertebral-basilar junction15 splenial branch (posterior pericallosal artery)of PCA17 anterior spinal artery** region of quadrigeminal plate cistern

FIGURE KEY1 vertebral artery2 posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)2v vermian branch of PICA2h hemispheric branch of PICA3 basilar artery4 anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)5 superior cerebellar artery (SCA)5h hemispheric branch of SCA6 posterior cerebral artery (PCA)6.2 P2 segment of posterior cerebral artery7 posterior communicating artery8 posterior temporal branch of PCA9 parieto-occipital branch of PCA10 calcarine branch of PCA11 anterior thalamoperforators12 posterior thalamoperforators13m medial posterior choroidal arteries13L lateral posterior choroidal arteries14 vertebral-basilar junction15 splenial branch (posterior pericallosal artery)of PCA17 anterior spinal artery** region of quadrigeminal plate cistern