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Shang and Zhou China PERSIART-ME information
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Based on Power Point by Ms. Susan M. Pojer, Chappaqua, NYBased on Power Point by Ms. Susan M. Pojer, Chappaqua, NY
Modified by Janet Pareja, Evansville, INModified by Janet Pareja, Evansville, IN
Based on Power Point by Ms. Susan M. Pojer, Chappaqua, NYBased on Power Point by Ms. Susan M. Pojer, Chappaqua, NY
Modified by Janet Pareja, Evansville, INModified by Janet Pareja, Evansville, IN
Ancient Ancient River Valley CIVILIZATIONSRiver Valley CIVILIZATIONS
Ancient Ancient River Valley CIVILIZATIONSRiver Valley CIVILIZATIONS
LoessLoess
Many regions, many kingdoms…the Shang are just one…
ShangShangShangShang
Shang PoliticsShang Politics
• Local KingsLocal Kings – ““ruled by proclamation / fiat”ruled by proclamation / fiat” - - no written law
– DecentralizedDecentralized – NOT a unified country
• Warrior AristocracyWarrior Aristocracy – enforced royal will!
– Warfare, hunting, feasting, exchanging gifts, favors.
• ““Ruled from horseback”Ruled from horseback”• King traveled to ensure loyalty.
Socia Social l
Hiera Hierarchy rchy
• King & family
• Hereditary Landed Aristocracy
– Nobility, Warriors– Peasants worked their land
• Scribes• Artisans- silk, pottery…• Merchants• Peasants• Slaves
Who is “missing?”Who is “missing?”
FEUDAL Social HierarchyFEUDAL Social Hierarchy
“A wise man honors the gods, but
keeps a distance.”
Ancient Chinese Society was Ancient Chinese Society was
SECULARSECULAR
• Urban!Urban!
– Ao
• Wall 33’high x 66’ thick - pounded earth
– Yin -• Complex of palaces, archives, neighborhoods,
foundries, workshops, burial grounds…Lavish tombs w/ sacrificial victims.
• Patriarch:– Presided at ceremonies at
home: Honor AncestorsHonor Ancestors. – Mediated family problems– Made decisions for family
• Deference, respect, & Deference, respect, & obedience owed by obedience owed by whole family.whole family.
Ag “Surplus”Ag “Surplus” King (TaxesTaxes)– To pay militarymilitary (huge armies); (huge armies); political alliespolitical allies
- To pay advisors, ministers, craftsmen, metal smiths, architects…
ServiceService King
- ConscriptionConscription: Military, public
works
Peasants =Peasants = Most peopleMost people – Did not own land - served their lord:
• Agricultural, military, and labor services • Given plots to cultivate for their own needs
– Received Security & Law• protected & protected by lords
• Very basic living conditions.
Gender RolesGender Roles• Men- outdoors- work the fields, hunt, fish, soldiers. Patriarch.
• Women (most classes) – Duties indoors – make wine, weave, silk. - Poorest women worked with husband outside. – Obedient, quiet, hard-working.– Order the household.
PeasantsPeasants
Social Social ClassClass
eses
SlavesSlaves
•Large class Large class •POW, criminals•Hardest labor – clear fields, build city walls•Shang - sacrificed for funerals, other rituals.
Shang Technology:Shang Technology:secret to success!secret to success!
• IRRIGATION!IRRIGATION!• Written recordsWritten records• Accurate CalendarAccurate Calendar• Decimal system of numbersDecimal system of numbers• Horses & wheeled chariots Horses & wheeled chariots
• Silk ProductionSilk Production• Expert pottersExpert potters
• Shang Monopoly on Bronze Shang Monopoly on Bronze Metallurgy!Metallurgy!
White jade spearhead, Bronze shaftWhite jade spearhead, Bronze shaft
Shang BronzeShang BronzeShang BronzeShang Bronze
The Evolution of ChineseThe Evolution of ChineseWriting began during the Writing began during the
ShangShang
The Evolution of ChineseThe Evolution of ChineseWriting began during the Writing began during the
ShangShang
PictograpPictographshs
Semantic-Semantic-PhoneticsPhonetics
Oracle BonesOracle BonesOracle BonesOracle Bones
““Chung Kuo”Chung Kuo”(The (The “Middle Kingdom”“Middle Kingdom”))
““Chung Kuo”Chung Kuo”(The (The “Middle Kingdom”“Middle Kingdom”))
“Barbarians”
• Desert and steppes
• Seen as culturally
backward & morally inferior to Chinese– Why?
• War campaigns POWs slaves in Shang capital
• Zhou conquered the Shang
• LegitimizationLegitimization:
• Heaven smiles on the “son of heaven”“son of heaven” – Must govern justly, maintain order, balance
& harmony, bring prosperity…– Keep mandate as long as he & his dynasty
are successful
• If ruler fails in duties chaos & suffering in his realm– Cosmos out of balance heaven is
displeased – Mandate will be given to another more
deserving candidate: heaven will “smile” on someone else…
Mandate of HeavenMandate of Heaven
TheDynastic
Cycle
TheDynastic
Cycle
A new dynasty
comes to power.
A new dynasty
comes to power.
Lives of common people improved;
taxes reduced;farming encouraged.
Lives of common people improved;
taxes reduced;farming encouraged.
Problems begin(extensive wars,invasions, etc.)
Problems begin(extensive wars,invasions, etc.)
Taxes increase;men forced towork for army.
Farming neglected.
Taxes increase;men forced towork for army.
Farming neglected.
Govt. increasesspending; corruption.
Govt. increasesspending; corruption.
Droughts,floods,
famines occur.
Droughts,floods,
famines occur.
Poor looserespect for govt.They join rebels
& attack landlords.
Poor looserespect for govt.They join rebels
& attack landlords.
Rebel bands findstrong leader who
unites them.Attack the emperor.
Rebel bands findstrong leader who
unites them.Attack the emperor.
Emperor isdefeated !!
Emperor isdefeated !!
The emperorreforms the govt.& makes it more
efficient.
The emperorreforms the govt.& makes it more
efficient.
Start here
• Love/Hate Love/Hate – Tense: constant raids by
nomads– Nomadic guides for
travelers
• SymbiosisSymbiosis- – GrainsGrains & agricultural goods
– For HorsesHorses & other goods made by nomads
Relationship with NomadsRelationship with Nomads
Zhou Coins - Zhou Coins - bronzebronze
Zhou Coins - Zhou Coins - bronzebronze
Evolution of Chinese characters
Zhou LiteratureZhou Literature• Book of Changes
– how to foretell the future
• Book of History – Zhou historical documents & justification, for royalty & elites
• Book of Etiquette / Rites – for aristocrats
• Book of Songs / Book Book of Songs / Book of Poetry of Poetry – by & for common peopleby & for common people
Some written on silk, bamboo- lost!
ZHOU POETRY ZHOU POETRY
Not just the ideas of the Elite…But also the Voice
of the Chinese People…
ZZhhoou u TTeecchhnnololooggyy
Bronze and … IronBronze and … Iron• Zhou did Zhou did notnot monopolize monopolize
bronze productionbronze production – Bronze tools in Agriculture.– Subordinates built arsenals.
• IronIron metallurgy arrived & spread metallurgy arrived & spread rapidly:rapidly:– Cheaper, more abundant – Government could not monopolize– Uprising! Subordinates resisted
central government…
• Nomads invaded • Subordinates rebelled
– Built own kingdoms– Fought for hegemony
Period of the Period of the Warring StatesWarring States
Knife Coins
Decline of the Zhou… Decline of the Zhou…
403-221 BCE.403-221 BCE.
Warring States PeriodWarring States Period
•Chaos!Chaos!
Period of the Period of the
Hundred Schools Hundred Schools
:
–Itinerant scholars Itinerant scholars - often served as advisers to state rulers on methods of governing, war, diplomacy.
–Period ended with the rise of Qin &
purging of dissent.
““Golden Age Golden Age of Chinese of Chinese Philosophy”Philosophy”
770-221 BCE770-221 BCE
1.1. School of Scholars:School of Scholars: Kǒng Fūzǐ Social Philosophy – NOT Social Philosophy – NOT
RELIGIONRELIGION Offered PRACTICAL Offered PRACTICAL
suggestionssuggestions
““Invented nothing – just relaying Invented nothing – just relaying wisdom of the sages & classics”wisdom of the sages & classics”
Goal: Reform Society!Goal: Reform Society!Order, harmony, Order, harmony, kindnesskindnessAdvocated active, dutiful Advocated active, dutiful role of educated men in the role of educated men in the affairs of state, and advising the affairs of state, and advising the leaders. leaders.
CONFUCIUS
CONFUCIUS
ConfucianismConfucianism
– 5 Social Relationships5 Social Relationships – JunziJunzi - wise, educated - wise, educated
“superior men” “superior men” to to advise the leadersadvise the leaders
Etiquette / Discipline / Etiquette / Discipline / Education / Generalists Education / Generalists / Moral examples!/ Moral examples!
““The Analects”The Analects”• Written Written LATERLATER by Confucius’ by Confucius’
followersfollowers
• Q & A formatQ & A format• Wise sayings: Wise sayings:
– easy to relate to understand easy to relate to understand – Easy to followEasy to follow– Examples, stories - parablesExamples, stories - parables
Handout!!Handout!!
Heirs to ConfuciusHeirs to Confucius
A. A. MenciusMencius (Meng Ko)(Meng Ko)
– People are People are GOODGOOD:: • Rule them so their Rule them so their
goodness developsgoodness develops• EducationEducation
– Egalitarian thinkingEgalitarian thinking
– Consent of common Consent of common peoplepeople is basis for is basis for political power (includes political power (includes Mandate of Heaven)Mandate of Heaven)
Heirs to ConfuciusHeirs to Confucius
B. B. XunziXunzi – People are lazy and People are lazy and EVILEVIL– Strong Strong authoritarian authoritarian
government government to curb to curb selfishness & capacity to selfishness & capacity to harm othersharm others
– Improve people Improve people with with strong laws & educationstrong laws & education
– Common people are not Common people are not the source of political the source of political power.power.
2. 2. School of the WaySchool of the Way •Individual retreats into Individual retreats into NatureNature rather than rather than working for change in working for change in social/ political societysocial/ political society
•Laozi Laozi
Some bureaucrats were Some bureaucrats were Confucianist by day &Confucianist by day & Daoist by night… Daoist by night… What does that mean?What does that mean?
– Stressed non-action Stressed non-action over over political power… political power…
““Wu Wei”Wu Wei”– Self-examination & appreciation Self-examination & appreciation
of nature; not Mastery of Others of nature; not Mastery of Others or rule of state.or rule of state.
– Advice to kings:Advice to kings:• Cultivate patience, Cultivate patience,
selflessness, concern for selflessness, concern for welfare of all creatureswelfare of all creatures
• Chastised for enjoying war & Chastised for enjoying war & excessive pleasure while excessive pleasure while population is hungrypopulation is hungry
DaoismDaoism
Those who rebel against the basic rules of the universe sever their own Those who rebel against the basic rules of the universe sever their own roots and ruin their true selves.roots and ruin their true selves. Yin and yangYin and yang……are the beginning and the are the beginning and the end of everything and they are also the cause of life and death.end of everything and they are also the cause of life and death. Those who Those who disobey the laws of the universe will give rise to calamities and visitations, disobey the laws of the universe will give rise to calamities and visitations, while those who follow the laws of the universe remain free …for they are while those who follow the laws of the universe remain free …for they are the ones who have obtained Tao, the Right Waythe ones who have obtained Tao, the Right Way……. Anything contrary to . Anything contrary to harmony (with nature) is disobedience and means rebellion to nature. harmony (with nature) is disobedience and means rebellion to nature.
3. 3. School of Law School of Law (Legalism)(Legalism)• Han FeiziHan Feizi (d. 233)(d. 233)
• Prosperity of the Prosperity of the
State, martial State, martial
prowess, and order prowess, and order
are more important are more important
than morality or the than morality or the
welfare of the citizenswelfare of the citizens..
LEGALISM LEGALISM “The Book of Lord “The Book of Lord
Shang”Shang”
ABSOLUTE POWER of ABSOLUTE POWER of Law – Even over Ruler!Law – Even over Ruler!
–People exist to serve statePeople exist to serve state
–Ruler’s duty to people: Ruler’s duty to people: • Enforce strict laws strictly- harsh Enforce strict laws strictly- harsh
punishmentpunishment–Qin Shi Huangdi legitimized his ruleQin Shi Huangdi legitimized his rule
Reading from the Book of Lord ShangReading from the Book of Lord Shang
Next time…Next time…
Will China Will China unify?unify?
Who is Qin???Who is Qin???
Stay tuned!Stay tuned!