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RGS-IBG Annual Conference 2014
Session on ‘mobilities and livelihoods in developing urban contexts’
Convened by Karen Lucas and Gina Porter
London, 29 August 2014
Spatial mismatch and livelihoods in a fast-growing
middle-income city: Praia, Cape Verde
Paulo Rui Anciaes University College London
Judite Nascimento Universidade de Cabo Verde
Iriene Pinto Câmara Municipal da Praia
Paulo Rui Anciaes is a researcher at the Centre for Transport Studies at
University College London. His main research interest is the development of
healthy, inclusive and sustainable transport systems and policies.
Authors
Judite Nascimento is the Rector of the University of Cape Verde. Until
February 2014 she was the director of the Research Centre in Local
Development and Spatial Planning of this university.
Iriene Pinto works at the Geographic Information Systems department at the
Praia City Hall.
The mismatch between the location of jobs and residences may have a negative
impact on the livelihoods of disadvantaged groups. This paper assesses whether
inequalities in access to public transport contribute to this mismatch, in the context of
a city in a middle-income country.
The question is analysed in the context of Praia, the capital of Cape Verde. The spatial
mismatch hypothesis is relevant in this city due to the dispersion of employment and
the limited geographic coverage and connectivity of the public transport network.
Accessibility is evaluated in terms of the number of bus trips required to access work
places and the walking times to bus stops.
The results show that deprived areas are at a disadvantage in the access to formal
employment opportunities when comparing with more affluent areas.
Some areas also have limited accessibility to spaces for informal employment, when
considering public transport options and competition for these spaces.
Abstract
1
Built-up areas
Employment
Bus
Context
100 jobs
1000 jobs
Formal areas
Old slums
Slums
Isolated or non-residential
Neighbourhoods
Questions
2
Variables
Equity: Job accessibility of neighbourhoods with different socio-
economic status and of slum areas vs. formal areas inside each neighbourhood
Job competition: Accessibility of population in different slums to locations for
informal employment: street vendors
Number of bus trips to access workplace: 0 (walk); 1 (direct); 2 (interchange)
Walking time to access bus stop: <5mins, <10 mins.
Policy: Expansion of bus system vs. number of matches people-jobs
Survey: Modal split
Income (€/month)
0-90 90-180 180-450 >450
Car 0 0 0 24
Taxi 7 11 3 15
Bus 62 57 64 52
Shared van 20 17 26 3
Walk 11 15 8 6
Total 100 100 100 100
3
Jobs reached (%)
4
WA
LK
0-1
BU
S
0-2
BU
SE
S
WALK <5 mins WALK <10 mins
5
Income -0.09 -0.17
Confort 0.11 0.05
Car -0.18 -0.21
Illiterate 0.08 0.07
Income 0.32** 0.39**
Confort 0.42*** 0.45***
Car 0.16 0.25*
Illiterate -0.16 -0.23
Income 0.71*** 0.53***
Confort 0.77*** 0.59***
Car 0.63*** 0.42***
Illiterate -0.55*** -0.32***
WA
LK
0-1
BU
S
0-2
BU
SE
S
WALK
<5 mins
WALK
<10 mins
Correlations between proportion of
jobs reached and socio-economic
variables at neighbourhood level
%of old slums 0.70 0.95
%of formal 0.90 0.97
%of old slums 0.64 0.79
%of formal 0.71 0.70
%of old slums 0.35 0.70
%of formal 0.23 0.56
WA
LK
0-1
BU
S
0-2
BU
SE
S
WALK
<5 mins
WALK
<10 mins
Jobs reached in slums (relative to
other areas)
Equity
Street vendors
6
WA
LK
0-1
BU
S
0-2
BU
SE
S
WALK <5 mins WALK <10 mins
Area of street market
locations reached
dwellers (m2)
Adult female slum
dwellers reaching those
locations
Matches people-jobs
7
0-
1 B
US
0-2
BU
SE
S
[WALK 5-10 mins]
WALK <10 mins WALK <5 mins
2 B
US
ES
Matches/m2
Conclusions
8
Equity: Economically-deprived populations at disadvantage in
bus accessibility, especially when considering direct bus
connections to jobs
Competition: Slum areas in the geographic centre of city
at an advantage
Policy: Greatest potential increases in matches residences-jobs in
densely populated formal areas and geographically central
slum areas
Thank you for your attention!
