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THE AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM
PARTICIPANTS Individuals Groups Organizations
INPUT
LINKAGE INSTITUTIONS Voting Political Parties Interest Groups Media
POLICY AGENDA
GOVERNMENT Congress- statutes President- orders/decisions Courts- opinions Bureaucracy- rules and regulations
POLICY IMPACT
OUTPUT
WHAT DOES THIS MODELSAY ABOUT PARTICIPATIONIN THE POLITICAL PROCESS?
WAYS OF PARTICIPATING
• GETTING ELECTED
• CAMPAIGN• VOTING• CONTACT
• GROUP• PROTEST• INACTIVE
THE LASWELL MODEL: “WHAT IS POLITICS?”
HOW Methods
WHO Participants
INDIVIDUALS Candidates Officeholders Supporters Voters GROUPS (DEMOGRAPHICS) Affluent/Poor Whites/Blacks/Hispanics/Asian Elderly/Young Working Class/Labor/Business Blue
Collar/White Collar Men/Women Farmers/Bankers/Real Estate
Construction/Sales Catholics/Protestants/Jews Northerners/Southerners Liberals/Conservatives ORGANIZATIONS (FACTIONS) AFL-CIO AARP ACLU NRA DNC
Gets WHAT Values
BROADLY: ADVANTAGES FOR ONESELF OR FOR ONE’S GROUP AT THE EXPENSE OF OTHER INDIVIDUALS AND/OR GROUPS (WINNERS & LOSERS) Deference Prestige Recognition Influence Access Jobs Contracts Public Policy Justice Status Quo
WHEN Immediately Later
And
Platforms Campaigns Speeches Rallies Public relations Media exposure Registration Voting Campaign Finance Lobbying Grass Roots Politics Coalition Building Compromise Logrolling Intimidation Rewards Sanctions Bribery Violence Expanding the conflict
THE SCHATTSCHNEIDER MODEL- “POLITICS IS CONFLICT EXPANSION”
Agenda factors Scope of conflict Other competing
conflicts Influence and intensity of
competing groups Range of government
power and resources
Conflict among private groups
1
Losers seek to expand the struggle to attract
reinforcements
The issue gains visibility through the media
2
New forces are mobilized, including candidates, parties,
and interest groups
New balance of power created leading to renewed conflict
4 Policy impact on groups and the
public
The issue reaches the agenda of government
3 The government maintains the
status quo- or enacts new programs
MAIN LINKAGE INSTITUTIONS
• POLITICAL PARTIES• INTEREST GROUPS• ELECTIONS• MEDIA
WHY CALLED“LINKAGE”
INSTITUTIONS?
How do Political Parties link us to government?
How do Interest Groups link us to government?
How do Elections link us to government?
How does Media link us to government?
How does Congress make policy?
What are some ways the President can make policy?
When the Court issues an opinion, is it making policy?
What is their role in policymaking?
THE AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM
PARTICIPANTS Individuals Groups Organizations
INPUT
LINKAGE INSTITUTIONS Voting Political Parties Interest Groups Media
POLICY AGENDA
GOVERNMENT Congress- statutes President- orders/decisions Courts- opinions Bureaucracy- rules and regulations
POLICY IMPACT
OUTPUT