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Air Quality:Toxics and Transportation
Gregg LandeDEQ Air Quality Planner
Portland State UniversityWinter 2007
Transportation Seminar SeriesFebruary 9, 2007
Oregon’s Air Quality
1999 NATA OregonCancer Risk
Median Risk Level
<1 in a Million
25 - 50 in a Million
>100 in a Million75 - 100 in a Million
50 - 75 in a Million
1 - 25 in a Million
Health and Environment
Median Risk LevelHazard Index
0 - 11 - 22 - 33 - 44 - 55 - 100
1999 NATA OregonNoncancer (resp) Risk
Health and Environment
Air Quality Challenges
Top Three Toxic Air Pollutants in Oregon
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00
CombustionByproducts
Benzene DieselParticulate
Matter
STA
TE-W
IDE
AVE
RA
GE
RIS
K(P
ER M
ILLI
ON
)Oregon Clean Air Initiative
Federal Fine Particulate Health Standard
Health and Environment
Smoke/FineParticulate
DieselExhaustBenzene
• Leukemia• Other blood
disorders
• Asthma• Other heart/
lung disorders
• Lung Cancer• Heart/lung disorders• Global Warming
http://www.epa.gov/iris/index.html
Scientific Foundation
• Toxicology / Epidemiology• Monitoring• Emissions inventory• Modeling
Sources of Air Pollution
Air Pollutants
• Criteria Pollutants– Short list– National Ambient Air Quality Standards– Widely monitored– Generally acute human health effects– Includes welfare effects
• Air toxics– Long list (>180) of Hazardous Air Pollutants– No national standards– Less frequent ambient measurements– Chronic low level exposures– Many carcinogens; other serious health effects
Ambient Monitoring
2006 Oregon Air Quality Surveillance Network
OzoneCarbon monoxide
PM10
Meteorology Air ToxicsNitrogen dioxide
Portland Metro Area
Salem
Eugene & Springfield
Pendelton
BendOakridge
La Grande
Burns
Grants Pass
MedfordKlamath Falls
Lakeview
John Day
PM2.5The Dalles
Corvallis
Albany
KalmiopsisWilderness Area
Crater Lake N.P.
Big Lake
Three SistersWilderness Area
StrawberryWilderness Area
Hells CanyonWilderness Area, ID
Mt. HoodWilderness Area
Visibility (OR)
Visibility(EPA Improve sites)
Wilderness Areas-Three Sisters - Kalmiopsis- Strawberry - Eagle Cap - Hells CanyonNational Parks-Crater Lake
Forest Health PM2.5 Estimate 3
42
2114
3
2
12
1
PM2.5 Speciation
1
1
21
1
2211
Cottage Grove
Enterprise
Baker City
Lave Beds, CA
Columbia River Gorge, WAColumbia Gorge, WA
Eagle CapWilderness Area
N PM2.5 Estimate
N6
N
N2N
N
NN
N2
N
N
N
NN
N
Deposition Site(National Atmospheric Deposition Program)
Silver Lake RangerStation.
Blue River
Starkey
Lewisburg
Alsea
RoseburgN
ShadyCove
Ruch
Cave Junction
Provolt
1
N
F
F
F
Halsey
F Field Burning Visibility
Sulfur dioxide
Sweet Home
Lyons
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/amtic
Emissions Inventory
• MOBILE6 Vehicle Classifications
• 1 LDGV Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles (Passenger Cars)• 2 LDGT1 Light-Duty Gasoline Trucks 1 (0-6,000 lbs. GVWR, 0-3,750 lbs. LVW)• 3 LDGT2 Light-Duty Gasoline Trucks 2 (0-6,000 lbs. GVWR, 3,751-5,750 lbs. LVW)• 4 LDGT3 Light-Duty Gasoline Trucks 3 (6,001-8,500 lbs. GVWR, 0-5,750 lbs. ALVW)• 5 LDGT4 Light-Duty Gasoline Trucks 4 (6,001-8,500 lbs. GVWR, greater than 5,751 lbs.
ALVW)• 6 HDGV2b Class 2b Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicles (8,501-10,000 lbs. GVWR)• 7 HDGV3 Class 3 Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicles (10,001-14,000 lbs. GVWR)• 8 HDGV4 Class 4 Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicles (14,001-16,000 lbs. GVWR)• 9 HDGV5 Class 5 Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicles (16,001-19,500 lbs. GVWR)• 10 HDGV6 Class 6 Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicles (19,501-26,000 lbs. GVWR)• 11 HDGV7 Class 7 Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicles (26,001-33,000 lbs. GVWR)• 12 HDGV8a Class 8a Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicles (33,001-60,000 lbs. GVWR)• 13 HDGV8b Class 8b Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicles (>60,000 lbs. GVWR)• 24 MC Motorcycles (Gasoline)• 25 HDGB Gasoline Buses (School, Transit and Urban)• 26 HDDBT Diesel Transit and Urban Buses• 27 HDDBS Diesel School Buses
Major - Area - Mobile – Natural Background
Modeling
• SCREEN 3– Easiest to use, predicts conservative 1-hr concentrations
• ISCST/ISCLT– Regulatory “workhorse” model, 1-hr to annual average, best with source-specific
data• AERMOD
– Soon to replace ISCST model, better in elevated terrain and complex meteorology. For criteria pollutants
• CALPUFF – Grid model, very data intensive, best for complex terrain
• CMAQ– Grid model, very data intensive, includes complex photochemistry
• MOBILE 6– Used for on-road mobile sources
• SCRAM– EPA’s support center for modeling– http://www.epa.gov/scram001/
Sources of Fine Particulate
Fores try Burning
Open Burning
Agricultural Burning
Vehicles & Engines
Indus tryWood Stoves
Based on 2002 emissions. Excludes wildfires and dust.
Sources of Diesel Exhaust
Passengervehicles
Trains
Ships& Boats
Logging Equipment
DeliveryTrucks
Long Haul Trucks
Industrial & Commercial Equipment
Agricultural Equipment
Other
Space Heating
Construction Equipment
Buses
Based on 2002 emissions.
EPA’s 1999 National Air Toxics Assessment
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/nata1999/
Solutions: EPA Diesel Standards
00.050.1
0.150.2
0.250.3
0.350.4
0.450.5
0.550.6
0.65
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0NOx Limit (g/bhp-hr)
PM L
imit
(g/b
hp-h
r)
19881990
1991
199419982004
2007
Oregon Solutions
• Burn Less Fuel
• Burn Cleaner Fuel
• Burn Fuel Cleaner
Clean Diesel: HB 2172Oregon Clean Air Initiative
http://www.westcoastdiesel.org/
Sources of Benzene
On-road gasoline vehicles
Wood stoves and f ireplaces
Non-road gasoline engines
Open burning/yard debris
Other
Solvents and degreasing
Gasoline distribution
Field burningForestry prescribed
burning
Based on 2002 emissions. Excludes wildfires.
EPA’s 1999 National Air Toxics Assessment
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/nata1999/
Measured Benzene Levels
Portland Air Toxics Assessment
Isopleths of Benzene annual average concentration predictions
Oregon Low Emission Vehicle Standards
Two main parts:Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Standards(Reduces GHG 30% by 2016
Low Emission Vehicle Standards(Reduces other pollutants 12% to 38% by
2020)
http://www.deq.state.or.us/aq/factsheets/07aq015.pdf
Solutions: Gasoline Controls
EPA: Gasoline benzene content
Oregon Clean Air Initiative
Gasoline vapor recovery
Elements of the State and Elements of the State and Federal Air Toxics ProgramsFederal Air Toxics Programs
Federal Technology-Based Standards (MACT –Stationary Sources)
Oregon Title V, ACDP and
General Permit Programs
Federal Mobile Source Program
Oregon Clean Diesel Initiative
Federal Engine and
Fuel Standards
Federal Risk-Based Program (Urban Air Toxics, NATA, Residual
Risk)
Oregon Air Toxics Rules/Scientific
Foundation
Geographic Program Safety Net Program
Source Category Strategies and Rules
Voluntary Diesel Retrofit Program
Legislative OverviewOregon Clean Air Initiative
Smoke/Fine Particulate
Columbia River Gorge
Greenhouse gases
Benzene
Diesel exhaust
Monitoring
Compliance
Contacts
• David Collier, AQ Planning Manager503-229-5177
• Gregg Lande, Air Toxics503-229-6411
• Dave Nordberg, Transportation503-229-5519
• Phil Allen, Modeling503-229-6904
• Jeff Smith, Monitoring503-229-5983 x 234
http://www.oregon.gov/DEQ/AQ/index.shtml