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England: Age of ShakespeareAct I, Scene 1, 1564
Windsor Castle, depicted in 1670North Terrace (left) built by Elizabeth
Beginningsof a Golden AgeBirth of a writerBirth of a reign
When we are born we cry that we are come.. to this great stage of
fools.
Lear
At first the infant,Mewling and puking in the nurse's
arms.
As You Like It
New Year's Gifts for Queen Elizabeth: 1564-1565
By the said mary Graye a Spone and Fforke of siluer guilte poz 1 oz
By the Lady Margerett Straunge a Hatte of vellat enbrauderid with golde and siluer wth a ffether and a Skarfe of sipers with a frenge of venice golde and siluer
More Gifts
Busshoppes
By the Archebusshoppe of Canterburye in a purse of crymsen taphata in dimy SoueraignesBy the Archebusshoppe of Yorke in a purse of crymsen Satten in Dimy Soueraignes
Gentlewomen
By Mrs Asteley cheif gentilwoman of the preuyChamber A Smocke wrought with blacke silkeonely with a square coller
From staff (Gentlemen and Gentlewomen)
By George Webster Master Cooke a Marchepane
By John Bettes Srgaunte of the Pastry a pye of Quinces
By Lewis Stockwell Surveior of the Works one table paynted of the Tombe for King Henry Theight
By Mrs Smythson Launderis one night Raylewrought wth blake silke
Possible gift from Elizabeth
Stratford-on-Avon
• 16th century population 1500-2000
– 13% die in 1564 from plague
• 1269 Predecessor of Guild of the Holy Cross founded;
• Market town
Stratford-on-Avon Government
• Founded by the bishop of Worcester and overseen by the bishop’s manor court
– Governed through Stratford College
• Guild of the Holy Cross becomes semi-official governing body
– Major property owner
• Edward VI
Edward VI and Stratford
• College abolished (process begun under Henry VIII
• 1553 Incorporated by Edward VI
– Grammar school refounded as King Edward’s School
– Government replaced by Stratford Council
Sheldon Tapestry, Warwickshire
Sheldon Tapestry, detail, Stratford and Snitterfeld
Stratford Area and Shakespeare’s family
Walter de Arden, of Park Hall
(~1435-1502)
John Arden (1467-1526)
William Arden(1509-1545
Edward Arden(1542-1583)
Thomas Arden of Wilmcote (1469-
1546)
Robert Arden(?-1556)
Mary Arden(1537-1608)
The Ardens
?
Robert Arden
1501 Named in a property trust by his father, Thomas
1517-18 Member of the Guild of the Holy Cross
• Marriage to ?
– Eight daughters, no sons
1548 Second marriage to Agnes Hill
– 2 step-daughters and 2 step-sons
Alcock, N. W., and Robert Bearman. "Discovering Mary Arden's House: Property and Society in Wilmcote, Warwickshire." Shakespeare Quarterly 53.1 (2002): 53-82
Glebe Farm, reconstructionMary Arden’s House
Estate of Robert Arden1556
Glebe Hall based on probate records
Palmer’s Farm, 1871
Palmer’s Farm, formerly identified as Mary Arden’s
House at Wilmcote, identified as Robert Arden’s
Palmer’s Farm, formerly identified as Arden House
PaintedCloths
Quickly: I must be fain to pawn both my plate and the tapestry of my dining-chambers.
Falstaff Glasses, glasses is the only drinking: and for thy walls, a pretty slight drollery, or the story of the Prodigal, or the German hunting in water-work, is worth a thousand of these bedhangings and these fly-bitten tapestries.
Henry IV. II.1. 157-63
Painted Cloths
• Insulation
• Add color to bare walls
• Middle and lower class equivalent to tapestries
• Moral sayings and emblems
• Guilds – Combined in 16th century– Painters painting in oil and size upon timber,
stone, iron and such like,
– Staynors for cloth, silk and such like.
Painted cloths, examples
The Shakespeares
Richard Shakespeare
Henry(-1596)
John(1531-1601)
1528 Richard leases land at Snitterfeldfrom Robert Arden
Henry remains a tenant farmer in Snitterfeld
John leaves the farm and moves to Stratford
Guild of the Holy Cross - buildings
Guild Hall, South WingCounting House (lower); Council Chamber (upper)
Chapel, Guild of the Holy Cross1563 Paintings whitewashed under the supervision of Richard Shakespeare; 1804 Rediscovered and drawn
Doom E. W. Tristram, 1929
Guild Chapel Last Judgment
Decapitation of the pagan King of Persia by the Christian King Heraclius
John Shakespeare
~1551 Moves to Stratford working as a glover
1556 Buys Henley Street House
– Fined for having a dung heap in front of his house
1556 Buys house on Greenhill Street
1556 and 1565 Involved in 17 civil cases; plaintiff in 11 and defendant in 6
1557 Marries Mary Arden
– Purchases house adjacent to Henley St. house
34
John Shakespeare, civic leader
1557 Appointed ale-taster
1562 Elected Chamberlain of Stratford
1565 Elected Alderman
1568 Elected Bailiff
1570 Elected Chief Alderman
John & Mary Shakespeare’s family
1558 Joan, dies of plague
1562 Margaret, dies 1563
1564 William Shakespeare baptized
John and Mary Shakespeare
1566 Gilbert
1569 Joan
1571 Anne
1574 Richard
1579 Daughter, Anne, dies
1580 Edmund
John Shakespeare – Decline in fortune
• 1569 Applies for a coat of arms
– Denied
• 1570s Cases involving lending and sale of wool
• 1576 Stops attending Stratford Council meetings
– 1586 Removed for non attendance
Financial problems
• Began selling property to a cousin of Mary Arden
• Part of home leased as an inn
• Court cases for debt
• Charges for illegal dealing in wool?
• No known problemsafter 1593
Birth Practices of the period
Many condemned by reformers
• Wrap girdle around church bell; holy girdles
• Praying to saints
• Using charms
A birthing scene and birthing stool (after Rueff).
Dunn P M Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2001;85:F222-
F224
Copyright © BMJ Publishing Group Ltd & Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. All rights reserved.
Jakob Rueff De Conceptu 1554Translated as The expert Midwife, 1637