The “Age of Limits” to The “Age of Limits” to the “Age of Reagan”the “Age of Reagan”

Luis ReyesLuis ReyesBrian YounBrian Youn

Cristian SanchezCristian SanchezA.P. U.S. History, p/3A.P. U.S. History, p/3

Politics and Diplomacy After Politics and Diplomacy After WatergateWatergate

Ford CustodianshipFord Custodianship After Watergate-Gerald Ford-next presidentAfter Watergate-Gerald Ford-next president

Ford later pardoned Nixon for the scandals, which led to his declining Ford later pardoned Nixon for the scandals, which led to his declining popularity.popularity.

Ford unable to lesson or maintain inflation, and he face many Ford unable to lesson or maintain inflation, and he face many obstacles, such as recession in 1974 and 1975, as well as energy crisis.obstacles, such as recession in 1974 and 1975, as well as energy crisis.

Henry Kissinger still the secretary of state and helped with the Henry Kissinger still the secretary of state and helped with the development of the treaty in the Middle East where Israel promised to development of the treaty in the Middle East where Israel promised to give back sections of the Sinai to the Egyptians.give back sections of the Sinai to the Egyptians.

1974-Ford met with Leonid Brezhnev in Siberia for SALT II1974-Ford met with Leonid Brezhnev in Siberia for SALT II

For the presidential election of 1976, Ford lost to Democratic candidate For the presidential election of 1976, Ford lost to Democratic candidate Jimmy Carter.Jimmy Carter.

Human Rights and National InterestsHuman Rights and National Interests Jimmy Carter put large importance in the defense of human rights in Jimmy Carter put large importance in the defense of human rights in

foreign countries.foreign countries.

Due to his efforts, Panama was able to gain control over the Panama Due to his efforts, Panama was able to gain control over the Panama Canal.Canal.

Egyptian president Anwar Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Egyptian president Anwar Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Besin were invited to attend a conference at Camp David in September of Besin were invited to attend a conference at Camp David in September of 1978.1978.

Sadat and Begin went to the White House on March 26, 1979 to sign an Sadat and Begin went to the White House on March 26, 1979 to sign an Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty-the Camp David accords.Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty-the Camp David accords.

Formal diplomatic relations between the U.S. and China resumed on Formal diplomatic relations between the U.S. and China resumed on December 15, 1978 due to the efforts of Carter and Deng Xiaoping.December 15, 1978 due to the efforts of Carter and Deng Xiaoping.

Carter later met with Brezhnev for SALT II, but this faced much opposition Carter later met with Brezhnev for SALT II, but this faced much opposition from American conservatives.from American conservatives.

The Trials of Jimmy CarterThe Trials of Jimmy Carter During Carter administration-many economic and diplomatic difficulties.During Carter administration-many economic and diplomatic difficulties.

Congress rejected much of his legislative proposals, especially those of the Congress rejected much of his legislative proposals, especially those of the tax and welfare systems.tax and welfare systems.

During this time, unemployment lessened, but inflation rapidly increased.During this time, unemployment lessened, but inflation rapidly increased.

G. William Miller and Paul Volcker-leaders of the Federal Reserve Board.G. William Miller and Paul Volcker-leaders of the Federal Reserve Board.

1979-substantial fuel shortage due to issues in the Middle East.1979-substantial fuel shortage due to issues in the Middle East.

Ten days after he went to Camp David, Carter gave a television speech Ten days after he went to Camp David, Carter gave a television speech known as the “malaise” speech.known as the “malaise” speech.

Carter then fired multiple officials of his cabinet.Carter then fired multiple officials of his cabinet.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1IlRVy7oZ58

The Year of the HostagesThe Year of the Hostages Starting in the 1950s-U.S. gave much support to the Shah of Iran.Starting in the 1950s-U.S. gave much support to the Shah of Iran. Shah’s authoritarian style of rule led to much opposition from Shah’s authoritarian style of rule led to much opposition from Iranians by 1979.Iranians by 1979.

This resulted in a revolution, and the Shah fled Iran in January of This resulted in a revolution, and the Shah fled Iran in January of 1979.1979. By 1979-necessary for U.S. to end support to Iran.By 1979-necessary for U.S. to end support to Iran. New leader of Iran: Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.New leader of Iran: Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.

November 4-mob terrorized the American embassy in Teheran and November 4-mob terrorized the American embassy in Teheran and took hostage the diplomats and military personnel that were in the took hostage the diplomats and military personnel that were in the embassy.embassy.

ContinueContinue These 53 American hostage would only be freed if the Shah These 53 American hostage would only be freed if the Shah returned to Iran.returned to Iran.

These American were not freed until over a year had past. These American were not freed until over a year had past.

December 27, 1979-Invasion of Soviet Union in December 27, 1979-Invasion of Soviet Union in Afghanistan.Afghanistan.

As a result of this, Carter imposed laws that would be an As a result of this, Carter imposed laws that would be an economic disadvantage for the Soviets, as well as the boycott economic disadvantage for the Soviets, as well as the boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow.of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow.

SALT II would also be removed from the future SALT II would also be removed from the future consideration of the Senate.consideration of the Senate.

This contributed to Carter’s declining popularity.This contributed to Carter’s declining popularity.

The Rise of the American The Rise of the American RightRight

The SunbeltThe Sunbelt “ “Sunbelt”-Kevin Philips (political analyst)-areas of the Sunbelt”-Kevin Philips (political analyst)-areas of the Southeast and Southwest, especially California.Southeast and Southwest, especially California. 1964-California-largest population in the nation.1964-California-largest population in the nation.

Sunbelt received much economic attention.Sunbelt received much economic attention.

Parts of the South and West-opposed to the expansion and Parts of the South and West-opposed to the expansion and regulations of the government.regulations of the government.

Sagebush Rebellion-opposition to environmental restrictions Sagebush Rebellion-opposition to environmental restrictions and the amount of landownership by the government.and the amount of landownership by the government.

The Suburbs appealed to many conservatives and to many The Suburbs appealed to many conservatives and to many people who were looking to live a sable life away from the cities. people who were looking to live a sable life away from the cities.

Religious PoliticsReligious Politics During the 1960s-people believed that religious influence in America During the 1960s-people believed that religious influence in America was dwindling.was dwindling. There was still a large religious revival that started in the 1970s.There was still a large religious revival that started in the 1970s.

Church of Scientology and the Unification Church of the Reverend Sun Church of Scientology and the Unification Church of the Reverend Sun Myung Moon.Myung Moon.

Unlike before WWII, Christian evangelicals were highly connected to Unlike before WWII, Christian evangelicals were highly connected to various forms of mass media and culture.various forms of mass media and culture.

Many evangelicals advocated for traditional values and were opposed Many evangelicals advocated for traditional values and were opposed to modern movements, such as feminism. to modern movements, such as feminism.

Jerry Falwell-Moral MajorityJerry Falwell-Moral Majority

Pat Robertson-Christian Coalition-1990s.Pat Robertson-Christian Coalition-1990s.

Controversial issues such as Controversial issues such as Roe v. WadeRoe v. Wade united many different faiths in united many different faiths in opposition. opposition.

New RightNew Right The New Right was a diverse and powerful movement that occurred in The New Right was a diverse and powerful movement that occurred in the 1970’s and 1980’s, which came after the defeat of Republican the 1970’s and 1980’s, which came after the defeat of Republican candidate Barry Goldwater in the election of 1964; therefore a change candidate Barry Goldwater in the election of 1964; therefore a change was brought up by conservative communications and fund-raising was brought up by conservative communications and fund-raising organization, which made conservatives much more organized.organization, which made conservatives much more organized.

Citizens tax revolt, lead by Howard Jarvis, a conservative activist, lead to the development of Proposition 13.

Reagan became leader of an affluent group of conservatives.+ President of the Screen Actors Guild.+ Spokesman for General Motors.

Through the help of a group of wealthy conservatives, Reagan became Governor of California.

There were many opposing President Carter due to the energy crisis and the year of the hostages.

Conservative Republicans were winning greater incentive over liberal Republicans

+ President Ford decision managed to salvage his position for the Republican Primaries, by dropping his Vice- President Nelson Rockefeller.

The Campaign of the 1980The Campaign of the 1980

Popular Vote: Popular Vote: 43,901,812 43,901,812

Electoral Electoral Vote: 489Vote: 489

(Republicans (Republicans rule!!)rule!!)

Popular Vote: Popular Vote: 35,483,82035,483,820

Electoral Electoral Vote: 49Vote: 49

LostLost

Popular Vote:Popular Vote:5,719,7225,719,722

Electoral Electoral Vote: -Vote: -

LostLost

The “Reagan Revolution”

The Presidency of Ronald ReaganThe Presidency of Ronald Reagan Reagan success came from:Reagan success came from:

A coalition of neo-conservatives, who pushed for maintenance of western A coalition of neo-conservatives, who pushed for maintenance of western democracy, and a corporate conservatives, who wanted to maintain capitalism, democracy, and a corporate conservatives, who wanted to maintain capitalism, remained united throughout Reagan’s presidency, which helped Reagan maintain unity remained united throughout Reagan’s presidency, which helped Reagan maintain unity and strengthen the New Right. and strengthen the New Right. He was a great public image on the television, and he retained a positive and He was a great public image on the television, and he retained a positive and energetic nature, which made him admired among fellow Americans.energetic nature, which made him admired among fellow Americans. The “Reaganomics” was an economic system created by the Reagan Administration:The “Reaganomics” was an economic system created by the Reagan Administration:

+ It succeeded in getting congressional approval for a $40 Billion budget reduction + It succeeded in getting congressional approval for a $40 Billion budget reduction in the federal government’s spending.in the federal government’s spending.+ Led to the deregulation of many federal groups and programs including the:+ Led to the deregulation of many federal groups and programs including the: - Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

- The Civil Rights Division of the Justice Department- The Civil Rights Division of the Justice Department- The Department of Transportation - The Department of Transportation

+ The economy grew substantially.+ The economy grew substantially.+ Unemployment fell 8.2% by 1983+ Unemployment fell 8.2% by 1983+ Inflation fell by 5%+ Inflation fell by 5%+ The gross national product grew 3.6% in a year+ The gross national product grew 3.6% in a year

The Fiscal CrisisThe Fiscal Crisis Reagan presided over record budget deficit, where the administration Reagan presided over record budget deficit, where the administration accumulated the largest amount of debt in the history of the United States. accumulated the largest amount of debt in the history of the United States.

The tax cuts in 1981 were the largest in American history, which increased The tax cuts in 1981 were the largest in American history, which increased the national deficit.the national deficit.

Military spending increased the federal budget than its cuts in domestic Military spending increased the federal budget than its cuts in domestic spending.spending.

To answer to the fiscal crisis, there were cuts in the Food Stamp Program, To answer to the fiscal crisis, there were cuts in the Food Stamp Program, Medicare, and Medicaid; there was also a reduction in educational programs. Medicare, and Medicaid; there was also a reduction in educational programs. Though the deficits continued to increase, the administration’s answer to Though the deficits continued to increase, the administration’s answer to the fiscal crisis was further cuts in “discretionary” domestic spending, which the fiscal crisis was further cuts in “discretionary” domestic spending, which included many programs aimed at the poorest Americans. included many programs aimed at the poorest Americans.

Reagan and the WorldReagan and the World Reagan began to oppose Communism, by assisting different nations Reagan began to oppose Communism, by assisting different nations with internal affairs. Examples: Honduras, El Salvador, Grenada, and etc. with internal affairs. Examples: Honduras, El Salvador, Grenada, and etc. Reagan developed the Strategic Defense Initiative, which were lasers Reagan developed the Strategic Defense Initiative, which were lasers and satellite that provide an effective against possible missile threats and satellite that provide an effective against possible missile threats from any nations (“Star Wars”). from any nations (“Star Wars”).

The Cold War grew in intensity, which called for an end to nuclear The Cold War grew in intensity, which called for an end to nuclear weapons buildup, which resulted in an agreement between the two weapons buildup, which resulted in an agreement between the two superpowers to their expansion on atomic arsenal.superpowers to their expansion on atomic arsenal.

Crisis in Lebanon increased, and Reagan send American Marines, Crisis in Lebanon increased, and Reagan send American Marines, where there was a bomb in the barracks in Beirut that killed 241 troops where there was a bomb in the barracks in Beirut that killed 241 troops dead, then troops were withdrawn. dead, then troops were withdrawn.

Presidential Elections: 1984Presidential Elections: 1984

American and thAmerican and the Waning e Waning of the of the ColdCold War War

The Fall of the Soviet UnionThe Fall of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev strived to drastically change Soviet politics by Mikhail Gorbachev strived to drastically change Soviet politics by implementing two initiatives.implementing two initiatives.

-The first was called glasnost(openness): which worked to remove the -The first was called glasnost(openness): which worked to remove the repressive function of Soviet life that had existed for more then half a century.repressive function of Soviet life that had existed for more then half a century.

-The second was called perestroika(reform): this worked to rebuild the -The second was called perestroika(reform): this worked to rebuild the unstable Soviet economy by implementing capitalism, private ownership, and unstable Soviet economy by implementing capitalism, private ownership, and profit motive. profit motive.

Gorbachev decided to reduce Soviet influence around the world (mostly in Gorbachev decided to reduce Soviet influence around the world (mostly in Europe), as it was unable to maintain it because of its unstable economy and in Europe), as it was unable to maintain it because of its unstable economy and in 1989 many communist states in Europe overthrew the communist governments 1989 many communist states in Europe overthrew the communist governments or forced it to reform.or forced it to reform.

- Not all challenges to overthrow communism succeeded as in China - Not all challenges to overthrow communism succeeded as in China many demonstrators were massacre in Tiananmen Square in Beijing.many demonstrators were massacre in Tiananmen Square in Beijing. The Soviet Union already deteriorating received the final blow when a coup The Soviet Union already deteriorating received the final blow when a coup d'état occurred but failed because of public opposition, and confusion within the d'état occurred but failed because of public opposition, and confusion within the military.military.

- Many sections of the Soviet Union declared independence, and - Many sections of the Soviet Union declared independence, and Gorbachev resigned so the Soviet Union cease to exist with no power. Gorbachev resigned so the Soviet Union cease to exist with no power.

Reagan and GorbachevReagan and Gorbachev Reagan was dubious of Gorbachev at first but as he ascertained Reagan was dubious of Gorbachev at first but as he ascertained that his genuine intention was to strive for reform within the Soviet that his genuine intention was to strive for reform within the Soviet Union. Union.

Gorbachev and Reagan met in Reykjavik, Iceland, in 1986 Gorbachev and Reagan met in Reykjavik, Iceland, in 1986 discussed on reducing nuclear arsenals on both sides but, were discussed on reducing nuclear arsenals on both sides but, were unable to reach an agreement because of the SDI program.unable to reach an agreement because of the SDI program.

After both Reagan and Gorbachev visited each others capitals After both Reagan and Gorbachev visited each others capitals they came to an agreement on eliminating the intermediate-range they came to an agreement on eliminating the intermediate-range nuclear forces (INF) from Europe by signing a treaty.nuclear forces (INF) from Europe by signing a treaty.

- This was the most significant arms control agreement of - This was the most significant arms control agreement of the nuclear age.the nuclear age.

The Fading of the Reagan Revolution There were many rumors of illegalities, corruption, and ethical lapses in the There were many rumors of illegalities, corruption, and ethical lapses in the Environmental Protection, the CIA, the Department of Defense, the Environmental Protection, the CIA, the Department of Defense, the Department of Labor, the Department of Justice, and the Department of Department of Labor, the Department of Justice, and the Department of Housing and Urban Development.Housing and Urban Development. On November 1986 the Reagan Administration took a fatal blow when the On November 1986 the Reagan Administration took a fatal blow when the White House admitted that it had sold weapons to the revolutionary White House admitted that it had sold weapons to the revolutionary government of Iran in exchange for American POW(prisoners of war)government of Iran in exchange for American POW(prisoners of war) Another scandal that followed was that the money gained from the Another scandal that followed was that the money gained from the weapons sold was used to fund contras in Nicaragua.weapons sold was used to fund contras in Nicaragua. The scandals continued for months and the aggressive reports and The scandals continued for months and the aggressive reports and publications further exposed the illegal covert activities of the government, publications further exposed the illegal covert activities of the government, the series of scandals became known as the Iran-contra scandal, and this the series of scandals became known as the Iran-contra scandal, and this politically damaged Reagan for good.politically damaged Reagan for good.

Presidential Election of 1988

The Bush PresidencyThe Bush PresidencyBush like Reagan worked together with Gorbachev cautiously to help reform the Soviet Bush like Reagan worked together with Gorbachev cautiously to help reform the Soviet Union, and came to many agreements.Union, and came to many agreements.

Three years after the INF demolishment treaty both sides once again reduced their arms.Three years after the INF demolishment treaty both sides once again reduced their arms.

The Bush administration had a difficult time as they received a debt and a federal deficit.The Bush administration had a difficult time as they received a debt and a federal deficit.

Bush during his campaign promised that he would not make new taxes and that he would Bush during his campaign promised that he would not make new taxes and that he would also reduce the deficit, these conflicted with each other as he could not reduce the deficit also reduce the deficit, these conflicted with each other as he could not reduce the deficit without taxes. without taxes.

Bush fell under heavy pressure from Congress and the White House and eventually broke Bush fell under heavy pressure from Congress and the White House and eventually broke his pledge of “no new taxes” as he significantly increased taxes as a multiyear “budget his pledge of “no new taxes” as he significantly increased taxes as a multiyear “budget package” designed to reduce the deficit.package” designed to reduce the deficit.

The greatest domestic problem facing the Bush administration was a recession caused by The greatest domestic problem facing the Bush administration was a recession caused by the grandiose amount of debt left by companies and individuals causing them to go bankrupt.the grandiose amount of debt left by companies and individuals causing them to go bankrupt.

The recession also reached the middle class and put them in constant fear and frustration The recession also reached the middle class and put them in constant fear and frustration because of the many problems like rising cost of health care. because of the many problems like rising cost of health care.

The First Gulf WarThe First Gulf WarThrough the events that occurred during 1989-1991 the United States was in Through the events that occurred during 1989-1991 the United States was in the position of being the only true superpower as the Soviet Union and its the position of being the only true superpower as the Soviet Union and its malignant influence dissipated along with it.malignant influence dissipated along with it.

The Bush administration choose two initiatives as the superpower, one was The Bush administration choose two initiatives as the superpower, one was to reduce military strength and in focus on domestic affairs and the other was to reduce military strength and in focus on domestic affairs and the other was to use force to defend its regional and economic interests.to use force to defend its regional and economic interests.

The Bush administration took action in 1989 when it attacked Panama The Bush administration took action in 1989 when it attacked Panama (Operation Just Cause), and overthrew the current leader Manuel Noriega.(Operation Just Cause), and overthrew the current leader Manuel Noriega.On August 2, 1990 following order from Saddam Hussein, Iraqi forces attacked On August 2, 1990 following order from Saddam Hussein, Iraqi forces attacked and annexed Kuwait (oil-rich neighbor), and occupied it for seven months.and annexed Kuwait (oil-rich neighbor), and occupied it for seven months.

The Bush administration accepted the responsibilities of leading the The Bush administration accepted the responsibilities of leading the campaign to force Iraq out, and Bush managed to persuade most of the major campaign to force Iraq out, and Bush managed to persuade most of the major nations (Soviet Union, most Arab and Islamic States) to help his cause.nations (Soviet Union, most Arab and Islamic States) to help his cause.

Continue…Continue…

On November 29 the United Nations along with On November 29 the United Nations along with its allies formed 690,000 troops ready to invade its allies formed 690,000 troops ready to invade Kuwait if Iraq had not left the country by Kuwait if Iraq had not left the country by January 15 1991; they didn’t and got January 15 1991; they didn’t and got bombarded for 6 straight weeks. bombarded for 6 straight weeks.

Iraq suffering more than 100,000 casualties Iraq suffering more than 100,000 casualties surrendered and accepted the Allies terms surrendered and accepted the Allies terms causing the Gulf War to end; America suffered causing the Gulf War to end; America suffered 141 fatalities. 141 fatalities.

The Presidential Election: 1992

The EndThe End