Aim: To what extent has the federal government achieved a more inclusive society for all Americans?

Do Now: HW#47 practice!

Compare & Contrast the 1950s and the 1920s

In the 1920s and 1950s after both world wars the US came out as the richest country in the world.

Americans listened to the radio

Americans enjoyed jazz and danced the Charleston US foreign policy was of isolationism and non-involvement in world affairs—US did not join the League of Nations

After both world wars American society experienced a red scare

Americans watched TV

Americans enjoyed listening and dancing Rock n’ Roll US foreign policy was of containment and intervention in world affairs to prevent the spread of communism—US joined the United Nations (UN)

Americans moved to cities

Americans moved to suburbs

Not all Americans enjoyed the “Roaring 1920s” or “Happy days” of 1950s

Select one individual and respond the question below based on the person’s needs;

What kind of rights might you seek?

Civil Rights: the rights of citizens to enjoy the benefits that a society has to offer. (for example; the right to be treated equal, to have equal opportunities….

Circumstances

*Dred Scott V. Sandford*In 1857, the US Supreme Court decided that African Americans were not citizens according to the U.S. Constitution and did not have any of the rights or privileges guaranteed by the Constitution.

*The Supreme Court decided that a slave was the property.

*Many historians believe that this case led to the Civil War.

*Plessy v. Ferguson

*The Supreme Court determined that as long as the separate facilities were “equal” it was Constitutional to keep the races separated.*“Separate but equal” led to the legal segregation of the races and the Jim Crow Laws

*Brown v. Board of Education *Brown v. Board of Education

of Topeka, Kansas was six cases, brought by parents on behalf of their children in coordination with the NAACP.

*Parents tried to enroll their children in their closest neighborhood school in 1951, which were all-white schools.

*Each student was denied enrollment and forced to attend the closest all-black school.

*Key Players:

Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren

* Appointed by President Eisenhower* He convinced the other justices that a

unanimous decision was necessary to send a strong message to the public.

Thurgood Marshall* Civil rights lawyer who knew segregation

firsthand. He attended all-black schools growing up in Baltimore, and was denied entry into the law school at the University of Maryland.

* Lawyer for the NAACP * Later appointed to the US Supreme Court to

become the first African American to serve on the Court.

*In a unanimous 9-0 decision written by Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Supreme Court held that segregated schools were unconstitutional.

*“…in the field of public education, the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that plaintiffs and others …are deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.”

*The Result

“The Little Rock 9”: In the fall of 1957, nine African American students tried to enroll in a white high school, they were threatened by angry mobs of Whites and even the governor blocked the entrance of the African American students.

U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower sent Army troops to Little Rock to make sure that integration was carried out.

Elizabeth Eckford Endures Taunts from Hazel Massery

Montgomery Bus boycott: on December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks (a leader of her local NAACP chapter) was arrested for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white man. • Her decision inspired thousands of

African Americans and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and its leader Martin Luther King, Jr. to boycott the city buses.

• African Americans walked to work or shared car rides until city buses allowed them to sit where they pleased.

• The bus company suffered a huge loss of business and in 1956, the Supreme Court declared that segregation in buses was unconstitutional.

The Letter from Birmingham Jail is an open letter written on April 16, 1963, by Martin Luther King, Jr. • The letter defends the strategy of nonviolent

resistance to racism. • It says that people have a moral responsibility to

break unjust laws and to take direct action rather than waiting for justice.

• Key quote: "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere".

"I Have a Dream" is a public speech delivered by Martin Luther King Jr. during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963, in which he calls for an end to racism in the US and called for civil and economic rights. • Over 250,000 civil rights supporters were present.

The success of the bus boycott convinced many African

Americans that direct action methods could help them achieve their civil rights

Sit-ins: college and high school students joined by some whites would sit at segregated lunch counters and restaurants and refused to leave until they had been served. The demonstrators were insulted, spat upon, and sometimes arrested.

Freedom rides: African Americans and whites organized rides to the southern states to end segregation in interstate buses.

Eyes on the Prize: Ain’t scared of your jails!8:00-10:35 2 min. (sit-ins)

1. Who participated in the lunch counter sit-ins protests?

2. Would you consider the protests successful? Why or why not?

Eyes on the Prize: Ain’t scared of your jails!36:41-44:14 6 min. (freedom rides)

1. Who participated in the freedom rides?

2. Would you consider the protests successful? Why or why not?

• The Selma-to-Montgomery March for voting rights lasted 3 weeks and left four people dead.

• On "Bloody Sunday," March 7, 1965, some 600 civil rights marchers headed out of Selma. They got only as far as six blocks away, where state and local lawmen attacked them with clubs and tear gas and drove them back into Selma.

• Two days later on March 9, Martin Luther King, Jr., led a march to the bridge.

• On Sunday, March 21, about 3,200 marchers set out for Montgomery, walking 12 miles a day and sleeping in fields. By the time they reached the capitol, they were 25,000-strong.

• The marches led President Lyndon Johnson to sign the Voting Rights Act of 1965

Some angry young African American activists disagreed with the nonviolent methods of the SCLC and NAACP and

decided to become more militant (rebellious, aggressive)

• Malcolm X: was a famous leader that represented the restlessness among African Americans who believed that civil rights must be achieved through whatever means necessary.

• Black Panther Party: organization that called for the self-defense of African Americans. Black Panthers monitored the behavior of police officers and challenged police brutality. Methods used by the party varied with local leadership, and in some places there was violence.

• The Civil Rights Act of 1957 intended to enforce civil rights laws and investigates charges of denial of civil rights.

• The Civil Rights Act of 1960 intended to help African Americans register to vote.

• The 24th Amendment (1964) barred poll taxes in federal elections.

• The Voting Rights Act of 1965 made literacy tests illegal.

• The Civil Rights Act of 1964 strongest civil rights bill. It ordered restaurants, hotels and other businesses to serve all people without regard to race, color, religion or national origin. It also barred discrimination by employers and established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to enforce fair employment practices.

The federal government acts…

*Further Cases*Cooper v. Aaron

(1958) Federal enforcement of desegregation

*Boynton v. Virginia(1960) Outlawed racial segregation in public transportation

*Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States(1964) Upheld the Civil Rights Act of 1964, banning racial discrimination in public places and public accommodations

According to the cartoonist, African Americans have made gains in racial equality. In what area of equal rights do

African Americans still face challenges?