Adlerian therapy report.palencia

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INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY

(ADLERIAN THERAPY)Kristine Joey DB. Palencia

Master in Industrial Psychology

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Outline:

BiographyView of Human Nature

Key ConceptsTherapeutic Techniques and

ProcessSocial, Cultural and Spiritual

Issues



Alfred Adler



Biography• Born: February 7, 1870 near Vienna

– Third child of seven– Apparent physical comfort, but miserable

in childhood (Adler struggled with rickets; and at the age of 5, he nearly died of pneumonia)

– Known for his efforts at outdoing his older brother

• Received a medical degree in 1895• Married in 1897

– Eventually had four children– Only son became a psychiatrist and

continued Adler’s work



• Joined Freud’s discussion group in 1902– Adler’s views were initially compatible

with Freud’s• Adler’s views changed and he began to

criticize Freud’s theories• In 1911, Adler and nine others broke

away from Freud and formed “The Society for Individual Psychology”

• Involvement in WWI helped develop the concept of social interest

• Died: May 28, 1937 of heart attack



View of Human NatureAdler believed…

We are not determined by our environment, or our instincts, or our early child-rearing—we can change.

Every child is born with innate and unique capabilities and is inherently moving toward the future, not determined by the past.

We move toward the future to make ourselves whole and complete and to fill our drive, our striving for perfection.



In attempting to overcome feelings of inferiority, we all develop unconscious beliefs or private logic that leads us to our subjective final goal.

All behavior is goal-directed and is purposeful and is related to the drive to attain the image held in our subjective final goal

We believe that our subjective final goal will bring us sense of mastery, superiority, and—eventually—perfection, completion and wholeness



Individual develops a style of life that is reflective of the person’s movement toward his/her subjective final goal.

If unimpeded by feelings of inferiority, one would naturally move toward meaningful relationships, the best of interest of others, the betterment of society and an understanding of our place in the universe.



Key ConceptsUniqueness of the Individual

Each person is seen as unique, with innate abilities and personal characteristics that interact with and are affected by early childhood experiences and the memories of those experiences



Feelings of Inferiority

Primary feelings of inferiority—are universal, such as when the infant and young child struggle to overcome natural physical, cognitive and physiological hurdles of life.Secondary feelings of inferiority—occur as a result of psychological strtuggles from poor parenting, child abuse or neglect, and cultural injustice.



Feelings of Inferiority

Secondary feelings of inferiority can result in a person who retreats

into self in an effort to avoid a sense of feelings of inferiority by

striving for superiority over others

or other maladaptive behaviors. By

its nature, it will cause discomfort

and strife among people.

We are all driven to overcome

basic and natural feelings of

inferiority and ultimately, we learn

how to cooperate with others for

the betterment of ourselves and

society in an effort to reach our

unique subjective final goal and

state of perfection.



Private Logic vs Common Sense

Private Logic

One’s inner voice, self-

talk, or internal images

that justifies one’s

style of life and fuels

one’s subjective final

goal.

Common SenseSuggests that we must

put effort into developing attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors

that benefit the common good

Common sense tells us that despite the fact that we all have our own private logic, to live peacably and constructively, we must find the commond ground that allows us to get along with one another.



Compensation

Compensation is a process through which individuals attempt to rid thmeselves of feelings of inferiority.



•It is the person’s unique image of what he or she want to be, and the person imagines that attainment of this image will lead to a sense of completion and wholeness.

Subjective Final Goal



Style of Life

Style of Life is a unique repertoire of behaviors, cognitions, and values.



Social Interest

Social interest can be defined as an attitude of relatedness with humanity in general as well as an empathy for each member of the human community; community feeling or social concern



Holism

Individual

Holistic Entity

Completion of Self and Perfection

Attempting to move toward

Even when such movement leads toward problematic behavior, Adler believed it is individual’s misguided attempt to strive the completion of self and perfection.



Schema of Apperception

Developed cognitive

rules

Assimilation of our

experiencesApperception

Schema

Schema of apperception is how we come to understand and make sense of the experiences in our lives.



Birth Order•Among the factors that lead to different life-styles are the ordinal positions of birth and different experiences in childhood.

•Birth order can greatly affect how one feels about oneself

Birth order is the chronological order of sibling births in a family.



Adler’s View of Some Possible Traits by Birth Order

Positive Traits Negative TraitsOldest child

Nurturing and protective of others; good organizer

Highly anxious; exaggerated feelings of power; unconscious hostility; fights for acceptance; must always be “right”; highly critical of others; uncooperative

Second childHighly motivated; cooperative; moderately competitive

Highly competitive; easily discouraged

Youngest childRealistically ambitious Pampered style of life; dependent on

others; wants to excel in everything; unrealistically ambitious

Only childSocially mature Exaggerated feelings of superiority; low

feelings of cooperation; inflated sense of self; pampered style of life



•For individuals who initially come for counseling, courage means being willing to take a look at how early feelings of inferiority fueled their private logic, led to compensatory behaviors, and were partially responsible for the development of their subjective final goals.

Courage



Therapeutic Techniques



Therapeutic Techniques for Adults

Building a Trusting Relationship

Socratic Questioning and use of the Dialectical Method

Encouragement Teaching and Interpretation

Assessment Spitting in the Client’s Soup

Examining Early Recollections Guided imagery Exercises

Exploring the Family Constellation

Role-Playing and Acting “As If”

Dream Analysis Catching Oneself

Task Setting


Powerpoint Templates Page 24Watts and Peitzak (2000) suggest a broad range of encouragement skills as cited above

Encouragement SkillsDemonstrating concerns for clients through active listening and empathy

Communicating respect for and confidence in clientsFocusing on client’s strengths, assets, and resourcesHelping clients generate perceptual alternatives for discouraging fictional beliefs

Focusing on efforts and progressHelping clients see the humor in life experiences







Client-Therapist Dialogue:

Counselor: Well, I guess

you are the king of the

house! She should just

listen to your every wish.

Why, you shouldn’t even

have to make any effort

at having a dialogue with

her—should you?

Client: Well, you know, I really

feel like I deserve more respect

from my wife. I work hard, earn

lots, and I feel like she doesn’t

even give me the time of day. All

she does is take care of the

house, and now that the kids are

older, she doesn’t even have the

responsibility. She just lives off

my money. She needs to listen to

me more and respect what I say.





Basic Adlerian principles have been adopted for children for a number of reasons:

Adler believed that feelings of inferiority experienced in childhood are the main causes for maladaptive behaviors.There is no clear separation between the unconscious and conscious; thus, one can work directly with children’s current knowledge base and do not have to “break through” to some mysterious unconscious.Adlerian therapy is optimistic and anti-deterministic, and change can occur (or start) at any point in a person’s life.Adler stressed the importance that external changes and interventions can make in inducing change. Thus, effective parenting and teaching can all impact a child’s mental health.Adlerian principles can be easily understood, thus making them easy to use by laypersons and by children.



Therapeutic Techniques for Children

Building a Trusting Relationship

Limit-Setting

Encouragement Natural Consequences

Democratically Held Discussion Groups

Logical Consequences

Assessment Catching OneselfArt, Play, and Creative Therapies

Task Setting

Responding to Identified Behaviors

Commitment and Practice



BUILDING A TRUSTING RELATIONSHIP

Counselors should be good relationship-builders by using attending and empathy skills, being nonjudgmental, being optimistic, focusing on strengths, asking questions in a nonthreathening manner, and fostering open discussion.



ENCOURAGEMENT

Dinkmeyer and Dreikurs (1963) suggested four ways that encouragement is shown:



DEMOCRATICALLY HELD DISCUSSION GROUPS

Counselors, teachers, and parents can lead democratically held discussion groups by ensuring that all individuals are given an opportunity to talk, that all individuals are heard, and that basic principles like consensus-taking or voting are applied when making decisions.



ASSESSMENT

Can be conducted by:







Therapeutic Process



Building the Relationship

Assessing and Understanding

Lifestyle

Insight and Interpretation

Reeducation and Reorientation

It involves development of a trusting relationship

Help clients begin to examine their current lifestyles and resulting dysfunctional behaviors

Therapist shows the client how the evidence points toward the development of the client’s misguided private logic and resulting dysfunctional life.

The goal is to have the client adopt a new style of life based on the insight that has been gained about the client’s current lifestyle.

Encouraging the client for beginning the therapeutic journey

Therapist uses a wide range of methods to uncover relevant information about the client’s feeling of inferiority, misguided private logic and compensatory behaviors, and to better understand the resulting lifestyle.

The therapist can educate the client how his/her style of life has impacted to him/her

Either the therapist devises a plan for change or the client, in consultation with the therapist, jointly discuss ways in which the client can change



Social, Cultural and Spiritual Issues

•Adler saw how power is misused by parents, in relationships, by men over women, by culture over culture, and by one country over another

•He saw the desire for power and superiority as being a root of class struggles and oppression of minorities

•He believed that the desire for power rsulted in the loss of social consciousness and the reason why wars are raged.



•He believed that people could understand that the very oppression was the root of their feelings of inferiority and that those same feelings are the cause for a cycle of oppression that they could cause.

•Adler saw religion as serving an important purpose for people.

•Religions suggest that God symbolizes perfection and reflects an image of how to embody our values.


Education

Adlerian therapy report.palencia