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A research and innovation perspective on Free and
Open Source Software (FOSS)
Dr Derek W. KeatsdKeats Innovations
[trading under of Kenga (Pty) Ltd]
http://[email protected] +27 82 787 0169
Parallels between
science and software
wealth creation
innovation
social benefit
Permission
culture
The act
2008
Intellectual Property Rights from Publicly Financed Research and Development Act (Act No 52 of 2008)
2011
2010
2009
Draft regulations,
consultation with limited impact
To ensure that IP outcomes of publicly financed R&D is protected and commercialised for the benefit of the people of South Africa - be it social, economic, military or some other benefit.
NIPMO operating
The regulations
Regulations from the act
and the establishment of a
National IP Management
Office (NIPMO)
Consistency
of strategiesThe
regulations
impact
FOSSFOSS
lessons
for NIPMO
Permission
culture
Freedom 1 and Freedom 3 require the source code
The four freedoms of
Free Software
Open Source
Free and
Software (FOSS)
Free
Just take some software and....
To understand
what freedom
means in
the software
context...http://www.flickr.com/photos/unnamed/47093936 BY-SA
To understand
what freedom
means in
the software
context...http://www.flickr.com/photos/unnamed/47093936 BY-SA
Use it however you likeInstall a copy on more
than one computerGive or sell copies to other peopleStudy the
source
code and learn from itAdapt the source code to anything you want
Give copies of your modifications to friends & colleaguesJust
take some software and....
Use it however you likeInstall a copy on more
than one computerGive or sell copies to other peopleStudy the
source
code and learn from itAdapt the source code to anything you want
Give copies of your modifications to friends & colleaguesJust
take some software and....
Without asking
or paying for
permission
Free software
Use it however you likeInstall a copy on more
than one computerGive or sell copies to other peopleStudy the
source
code and learn from itAdapt the source code to anything you want
Give copies of your modifications to friends &
colleaguesRespected memberof a global community
More marketableas a software
engineer
Improved knowledge& skills
You
CEO of an innovative
ground-breaking company
Just take some software and....
Proprietary software
Free software
Use it however you likeInstall a copy on more
than one computerGive or sell copies to other peopleStudy the
source
code and learn from itAdapt the source code to anything you want
Give copies of your modifications to friends &
colleaguesRespected memberof a global community
Facing in a lawsuit
More marketableas a software
engineer
Criminal record
Improved knowledge& skills
You
Cease and desist order
You
Potential imprisonment
CEO of an innovative
ground-breaking company
Just take some software and....
Image adapted from Wikipedia
Image adapted from Wikipedia
The two layers of
FOSS space in the
operating of
computing devices
Image from Wikipedia
There are relativelyfew of them, even
with all the variations
There are many ofthem, and a lot more room for creativity
Image adapted from Wikipedia
FOSS
Proprietary
FOSS
Proprietary
Image adapted from Wikipedia
Scarcity
Abundance
Proprietary softwareFree softwareThe scarcity is entirely artificially maintained
Scarcity
Abundance
Proprietary softwareFree softwareProtected,
controlled,
secretShared,
freely
available,
no secrets
Knowledge
-- comparison modeled after Chris Anderson, Free: The Future of a Radical Price
I Am Not A Lawyer
Software
Licenses
Disclaimer: IANAL
License
legal instrument usually making use of contract law governing
the usage
or redistribution of software
Underpinned by Copyright
FOSS
Copyright
All rights
reserved
Proprietary Software
Some rights
reserved
Free and Open
Source Software
Derivative
work
CopyLeft
requirement
Derivative works
must share the
same conditions
No CopyLeft
requirement
Derivative works
do not have to
share the same
conditions
Applies at
distribution
Differentiating software
Non-differentiating software
Software that contains your core business model, and therefore embodies your competitive advantage in the market place
Software that does not contain your core business model, and is not a major component of your competitive advantage in the market place
FOSS
Don't
distribute
Bruce Perens
Economic
perspective
Marginal costof production
Compete on
quality
Compete on
price
Maximum
monopoly price
Controlled,
legislated
economies
oligopolies
cartels
Gratis
Price
Scarcity
The marginal cost
of production for
software is zero.
Marginal costof production
Compete on
quality
Compete on
price
Maximum
monopoly price
Counterfeitmarket is
guaranteed
Controlled,
legislated
economies
oligopolies
cartels
Profit
Gratis
Price
Scarcity
In a competitive
economy, prices decrease to just
above the marginal cost of production
Marginal costof production
Compete on
quality
Compete on
price
Maximum
monopoly price
Capitalist,
competitive
economies
Controlled,
legislated
economies
oligopolies
cartels
Profit
Gratis
Price
Scarcity
Marginal costof production
Compete on
quality
Compete on
price
Maximum
monopoly price
Capitalist,
competitive
economies
Controlled,
legislated
economies
oligopolies
cartels
Profit
Services
revenue
stream,
bartering,
shared
costsFOSS
Gratis
Price
Scarcity
Co-opetition
users can be a major source of innovation
Eric von Hippel,
Professor & Head of the
Innovation and Entrepreneurship Group
at the MIT Sloan School of Management
Barriers to
innovation
The Internet a radical decentralisation of innovation
Yochai Benkler, Professor of Law at Harvard
at the eG8 Forum on May 26th
Barriers to
innovation
Successful innovation
Starting
point
Knowledge
Permission
Cost
Barriers to
innovation
Successful innovation
Starting
point
No such thing as scratch
Operating
systems
Compilers
Programming
languages
Core
applications
Databases
Webserver
Frameworks
Digital
object store
Libraries
Version management
Scalability tools
Load balance
Scripting languages
Virtualisation
Testing
eBusiness
tools
Graphics
tools
Communications
tools
Integrated
development
environments
(IDE)
Videoproduction
Audioproduction
Office suites
Design
Web
browsers
CRM
Accounting
ERP
No such thing as scratch
Barriers to
innovation
Successful innovation
Starting
point
Knowledge
Software
as knowledge
expressed
Knowledge
Knowledge
Knowledge
Barriers to
innovation
Starting
point
Knowledge
Permission
Successful innovation
Every permission may
also have a costPermissions
Every
permission
is a barrier
Please sir, I want
to license two more
CPUsOracle Twist
Proprietary licenses
severely limit
permissions
STOP
Difficult to determine what permissions you need at the startor what it will cost to acquire them
Even without the
cost factor, the
permissions alone
can be enough
to reduce the
likelihood of
success in
a start-up
Oliver Twist
Permissions
Every
permission
is a barrier
NIPMO take note!Oliver Twist
Barriers to
innovation
Starting
point
Knowledge
Permission
Cost
Successful innovation
Start-up
costs
Scaling out
costs
Lock-in
costs
Malleability
costs
Abandonment
costs
Uncertainty
barrier
Cost
Barriers to
innovation
Successful innovation
Starting
point
Knowledge
Permission
Cost
A wealth-creationperspective
Some recent major
software innovations
1995
Mark Zuckerberg
Larry Page and Sergey Brin
Started poorUniversity
studentsWithoutFOSS
they would
not have
done itAll
acknowledge
both the
code and
its contained
knowledge
Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn being awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Bush, image from Wikipedia
I just had to take the hypertext idea and connect it to the Transmission Control Protocol and domain name system ideas and ta-da! the World Wide Web
Sir Tim Berners-Lee and the first webserver fromWikipedia
When core things are free and open, there are no barriers to innovation.
When Bob Khan and I created TCP/IP and a bunch of us built a platform for internetworking, we did not patent the technologies used. We set TCP/IP free. Had we not done so, it is doubtful if the Internet as we know it today would have come into being.
The freedom given by Cerf and Khan, and Berners-Lee, together with Free Software made it possible.
The original Google servers, from Wikipedia
Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn being awarded the Presidential
Medal of Freedom by President Bush, image from
Wikipedia
I just had to take the hypertext idea and connect it to the Transmission Control Protocol and domain name system ideas and ta-da! the World Wide Web
Sir Tim Berners-Lee and the first webserver fromWikipedia
When core things are free and open, there are no barriers to innovation.
When Bob Khan and I created TCP/IP and a bunch of us built a platform for internetworking, we did not patent the technologies used. We set TCP/IP free. Had we not done so, it is doubtful if the Internet as we know it today would have come into being.
The freedom given by Cerf and Khan, and Berners-Lee, together with Free Software made it possible.
The original Google servers, from Wikipedia
Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn being awarded the Presidential
Medal of Freedom by President Bush, image from
Wikipedia
I just had to take the hypertext idea and connect it to the Transmission Control Protocol and domain name system ideas and ta-da! the World Wide Web
Sir Tim Berners-Lee and the first webserver fromWikipedia
When core things are free and open, there are no barriers to innovation.
When Bob Khan and I created TCP/IP and a bunch of us built a platform for internetworking, we did not patent the technologies used. We set TCP/IP free. Had we not done so, it is doubtful if the Internet as we know it today would have come into being.
The freedom given by Cerf and Khan, and Berners-Lee, together with Free Software made it possible.
The original Google servers, from Wikipedia
Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn being awarded the Presidential
Medal of Freedom by President Bush, image from
Wikipedia
I just had to take the hypertext idea and connect it to the Transmission Control Protocol and domain name system ideas and ta-da! the World Wide Web
Sir Tim Berners-Lee and the first webserver fromWikipedia
When core things are free and open, there are no barriers to innovation.
When Bob Khan and I created TCP/IP and a bunch of us built a platform for internetworking, we did not patent the technologies used. We set TCP/IP free. Had we not done so, it is doubtful if the Internet as we know it today would have come into being.
The freedom given by Cerf and Khan, and Berners-Lee, together with Free Software made it possible.
The original Google servers, from Wikipedia
Layers of innovation built on Freedom
Consistency
of strategies
The
regulations
impact
FOSS
FOSS
lessons
for NIPMO
Software that is used or created in research projects is
often
FOSSSoftware in research / innovation
From what I have seen, the IP regulations make no
provision for FOSSOr at least it is not
obvious how one deals with FOSS
in research
FOSSFOSSFOSSFOSS
PermissionProject
software
License
Regulations:
approval
afterward FOSS: up front
choices
Does this only apply to software?
May be consumed by one consumer without preventing simultaneous consumption by othersConsumption by one consumer prevents simultaneous consump-tion by other consumers
Consistency
of strategies
The
regulations
impact
FOSS
FOSS
lessons
for NIPMO
Publicly
funded
science?
Africa produces 8.2 scientific research papers per million
peopleThe world produces 103
scientific research papers
per million peopleThe USA produces 690 and
Canada 723 scientific research papers per million people
Should we catalyze the growth of science in Africa?...or make
it
harder?
Publicly
funded
science?
Territory size shows the proportion of the number of extra scientific papers that were published in 2001 compared with 1990, whose authors work there.
The output of scientific research
that is published in ways that
are only accessible to some people,
or that is locked up in the newly
altered form of patents that are
designed to withhold disclosure and
lengthen monopoly privileges.Secret science
The output of scientific research
that is published in ways that
are only accessible to some people,
or that is locked up in the newly
altered form of patents that are
designed to withhold disclosure and
lengthen monopoly privileges.Secret scienceSome secret
science is
probably
necessary ... but that
doesn't mean
all science
should be
secret
Free scienceResearch carried out for the public good (including
knowledge growth), that is published in ways that are accessible to
anyone with a networked computing device, and that can be freely
built upon to create innovations that contribute to both
public
and private good.
The
regulations
impact
FOSS
FOSS
lessons
for NIPMO
Consistency
of strategies
South African
National
FOSS policy
All new software developed for or by the South African Government will be based on open standards, adherent to FOSS principles, and licensed using a FOSS license where possible
Regulations & NIPMO procedures at odds with it
Epilogue
There are always barriers to innovation.The more barriers you create, the less innovation you will get.Every permission is a barrier.Secret science and patents are not the only way to foster innovation.Should we look carefully how public science can best serve the public good?Currently, we implicitly assume knowledge to be rivalrous, and our laws and policies are based on that implicit assumption.It has been a busy week for research. The UK Research Councils (RCUK) and HEFCE announced plans to work together on open access. JISCs Executive Secretary, Dr Malcolm Read, gave oral evidence to the House of Commons Science and Technology Committee Inquiry into peer review, alongside Mark Patterson from the Public Library of Science, (a leading open access publisher) and in Denmark, there have been meetings at the ministry with the European Commission holding a public hearing on access to scientific information next Monday in Luxembourg.
Epilogue
There are always barriers to innovation.The more barriers you create, the less innovation you will get.Every permission is a barrier.Secret science and patents are not the only way to foster innovation.Should we look carefully how public science can best serve the public good?Currently, we implicitly assume knowledge to be rivalrous, and our laws and policies are based on that implicit assumption.
This entrenches 20th Century thinking and business models, and is a major impediment to 21st Century innovation.
It has been a busy week for research. The UK Research Councils (RCUK) and HEFCE announced plans to work together on open access. JISCs Executive Secretary, Dr Malcolm Read, gave oral evidence to the House of Commons Science and Technology Committee Inquiry into peer review, alongside Mark Patterson from the Public Library of Science, (a leading open access publisher) and in Denmark, there have been meetings at the ministry with the European Commission holding a public hearing on access to scientific information next Monday in Luxembourg.
Epilogue
There are always barriers to innovation.The more barriers you create, the less innovation you will get.Every permission is a barrier.Secret science and patents are not the only way to foster innovation.Should we look carefully how public science can best serve the public good?Currently, we implicitly assume knowledge to be rivalrous, and our laws and policies are based on that implicit assumption.
This entrenches 20th Century thinking and business models, and is a major impediment to 21st Century innovation.
FOSS Free and
Open Source
Science
It has been a busy week for research. The UK Research Councils (RCUK) and HEFCE announced plans to work together on open access. JISCs Executive Secretary, Dr Malcolm Read, gave oral evidence to the House of Commons Science and Technology Committee Inquiry into peer review, alongside Mark Patterson from the Public Library of Science, (a leading open access publisher) and in Denmark, there have been meetings at the ministry with the European Commission holding a public hearing on access to scientific information next Monday in Luxembourg.
Epilogue
There are always barriers to innovation.The more barriers you create, the less innovation you will get.Every permission is a barrier.Secret science and patents are not the only way to foster innovation.Should we look carefully how public science can best serve the public good?Currently, we implicitly assume knowledge to be rivalrous, and our laws and policies are based on that implicit assumption.
This entrenches 20th Century thinking and business models, and is a major impediment to 21st Century innovation.
FOSS Free and
Open Source
Science
An opportunity
for leadership?It has been a busy week for research. The UK
Research Councils (RCUK) and HEFCE announced plans to work together
on open access. JISCs Executive Secretary, Dr Malcolm Read, gave
oral evidence to the House of Commons Science and Technology
Committee Inquiry into peer review, alongside Mark Patterson from
the Public Library of Science, (a leading open access publisher)
and in Denmark, there have been meetings at the ministry with the
European Commission holding a public hearing on access to
scientific information next Monday in Luxembourg.
In these times, the hardest task for social or political
activists is to find a way to get people to wonder again about what
we all believe is true. The challenge is to sow doubt.
Lawrence Lessig
wonder again
about
what we all
believe is true
Free and
Open
Science
Secret
Science
YINGYANG
But
how?
Who is looking after the interests
of those not here yet?
Free and
Open
Science
Secret
Science
YINGYANG
But
how?
Who is looking after the interests
of those not here yet?
Not us!
Free and
Open
Science
Secret
Science
YINGYANG
But
how?
Who is looking after the interests
of those not here yet?
Not us!
Should we be?
Attribution file: http://www.dkeats.com/usrfiles/users/
1563080430/attribution/attrib.txt
No
secret
science
With public funds
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