Completing the Revolution

Chapter 71789-1815

The French Revolution Influence1. Political parties are formed- Republicans and Federalists

2. Washington hoped that this division would not occur.

3. Republicans favored:1. Rural and frontier regions

2. Little government

3. Support of the French in their impending struggle

4. Federalists favored1. Business and manufacturing regions in the East

2. Large government

3. Support of the British

5. The French Revolution spreads to America and ignites a desire to support the people’s effort

6. Washington issued the Neutrality Proclamation in order to stave off further controversy between the two political parties

7. The Neutrality Proclamation stated that the United States would be “friendly and impartial” to both sides of the war

8. Implications that this had on future politics were tremendous:1. America began a long policy of isolationism

2. Washington thought that a fledgling nation should not entangle itself in the wars of the European powers

Contrasting ViewsJeffersonian Ideals

Based upon the philosophies of Natural Law of St. Augustine, John Locke, & Thomas Aquinas

Jefferson was an Anti-FederalistAgainst federal

governmentMan should be allowed

to follow his own destiny freely

Hamiltonian Ideals Based on the legal

positivism of Thomas Hobbes & Machiavelli

Man could not control himself and needs laws to help himself remain moral

Hamilton was a FederalistFor strong governmentMan had to be protected

from himself and others

Constitution Convention and Ratification

The Constitution was written during the summer of 1787 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, by 55 delegates to a Constitutional Convention that was called ostensibly to amend the Articles of Confederation (1781-89), the country’s first written constitution. The Constitution was the product of political compromise after long and often rancorous debates over issues such as states’ rights, representation, and slavery. Delegates from small and large states disagreed over whether the number of representatives in the new federal legislature should be the same for each state—as was the case under the Articles of Constitution—or different depending on a state’s population.

After all the disagreements were bridged, the new Constitution was submitted for ratification to the 13 states on 28 Sep 1787. In 1787-88, in an effort to persuade New York to ratify the Constitution, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison published a series of essays on the Constitution and republican government in New York newspapers. Their work, written under the pseudonym “Publius” and collected and published in book form as The Federalist (1788), became a classic exposition and defense of the Constitution.

Whiskey RebellionIn 1794, it was an uprising that afforded the new U.S. government its first opportunity to establish federal authority by military means within state boundaries, as officials moved into western Pennsylvania to quell an uprising of settlers rebelling against the liquor tax. Alexander Hamilton, secretary of the Treasury, had proposed the excise (enacted by Congress in 1791) to raise money for the national debt and to assert the power of the national government. Small farmers of the back country distilled (and consumed) whiskey, which was easier to transport and sell than the grain that was its source. It was an informal currency, a means of livelihood, and an enlivener of a harsh existence. The distillers resisted the tax by attacking federal revenue officers who attempted to collect it.

Enforcement legislation touched off what appeared to be an organized rebellion, and in July of 1794 about 500 armed men attacked and burned the home of the regional tax inspector. The following month President George Washington issued a congressionally authorized proclamation ordering the rebels to return home and calling for militia from four neighboring states. After fruitless negotiations, Washington ordered some 13,000 troops into the area, but opposition melted away and no battle ensued. Troops occupied the region and some of the rebels were tried, but the two convicted of treason were later pardoned by the president.

Many Americans, particularly members of the opposition Jeffersonian Republican Party, were appalled by the overwhelming use of governmental force, which they feared might be a first step to absolute power. To Federalists, however, the most important result was that the national authority had triumphed over its first rebellious adversary and had won the support of the state governments in enforcing federal law within the states.

Hamilton’s Bank of the United States The government and the bank would be bound inseparably

James Madison argued that the bank would be unconstitutional

Congress passed the bill of incorporation in Feb 1791

President Washington seeks advice

Jefferson’s advice

Agreed with Madison

Said that the Constitution did not “clearly enumerate” the bank

Said that the bank would be helpful and convenient, however

His interpretation was known as a “strict interpretation”

Hamilton’s advice

Hamilton wrote one of his greatest papers to persuade the President

Hamilton used the “necessary and proper” clause

The bank would be needed to carry out government functions:

Collect taxes

Regulate trade

Provide for the nation’s defense

His interpretation was known as a “loose interpretation”

The Continental vs. the U.S. CongressPolitical Point Continental Congress U.S. Congress

Document Articles of Confederation Constitution

Authority Weak central government States held strong rights

Strong central government Central gov’t sovereign

Appropriations Fed. Gov’t billed states that rarely paid the bill

Fed Gov’t taxed states & then proposed budget

Executive Branch 3 person committee elected by Congress, few powers

Equal power as the Congress, 1 person

Other powers Could declare war, could not enforce laws

Declare war, executive enforces laws

Term of Office No term over 3 years 2 and 6 years, no limit

Overall Effect A league of independent states

A union of united states

The Alien and Sedition Acts

The Naturalization Act of 1798 Increased the time that an immigrant had to remain in the United States from 5 to 14 years to become a citizen Immigrants tended to be Republican in sympathy Federalists attempted to keep immigrants “at bay” for a number of years before voting

The Alien Act of 1798 Gave the President the unheard of power to expel anyone deemed “dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States” The Act was aimed at:

Foreign born Republican newspaper editors and political leaders

French immigrants coming revolutionize the U.S.

The Sedition Act Designed to stifle criticism of the Federalists Severely punished citizens and aliens

In the Federalist attempt to protect President Adams from attacks, they almost destroyed our civil liberties that are guaranteed by the 1st Amendment.

XYZ AffairIt was a diplomatic incident that, when made public in 1798, nearly involved the United States and France in war. Pres. John Adams dispatched three ministers to France in 1797 to negotiate a commercial agreement to protect U.S. shipping. In Paris the ministers were approached by three French agents who suggested a bribe of $250,000 to Talleyrand, the French foreign minister, and a loan of $10,000,000 to France as a prelude to negotiations. In April 1798 the machinations of the three French agents (called X, Y, and Z in the diplomatic correspondence) were made public in the United States. There was a great outcry over the bribe solicitation, followed by preparations for war. Although a period of undeclared naval warfare ensued between France and the United States formal war was avoided, and the incident was settled by the Convention of 1800.

Jefferson’s Reassurance Jefferson opened his Inaugural Address by telling the people of the United

States: “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.”

More harmony was kept between political parties like Washington’s term and unlike Adams’ during Jefferson’s presidency.

Jefferson appoints a mixed cabinet like Washington Secretary of State

James Madison (R) (1801-1809)

Secretary of the Treasury Samuel Dexter (R) (1801)

Albert Gallatin (R) (1801-09)

Secretary of War Henry Dearborn (F) (1801-1809)

Attorney General Levi Lincoln, Sr. (R) (1801-04)

John Breckinridge (R) (1805-06)

Caesar A. Rodney (R) (1807-09)

Secretary of the Navy Benjamin Stoddert (F) (1801)

Robert Smith (F) (1801-09)

Jefferson Challenges the “Lame Duck” Adams tries to appoint “midnight judges” during the waning months of

his term as president

The appointments were executed properly by the Constitution

Jefferson thought the appointments would cripple his new policy program

Madison, as Secretary of State, withheld the appointments

William Marbury, one of the appointees, asked the Supreme Court for a writ of mandamus ordering Madison to hand over the commissions Marbury based his case, Marbury vs. Madison, on the Judiciary Act of 1789 which

authorized the Supreme Court to issue writs to the executive branch

Chief Justice John Marshall made a remarkable decision strengthening the Supreme Court over the other branches Marshall declared the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional The Supreme Court could not serve a writ to a sovereign power like the office of

President Marshall’s method of power was called judicial review and became a lasting and

effective tool for the Supreme Court

Jefferson Purchases More America

1. France planned to restore its American empire1. Napoléon Bonaparte was seeking new territory to conquer after the

continental European conquests

2. A secret treaty between France and Spain restored the territory to France

3. Jefferson sounded the alarm that America must marry herself to Britain for fear of French domination

2. Jefferson offers to buy Louisiana1. Mistakenly Jefferson thought West Florida was given to France on the

treaty

2. Monroe and Livingston buy West Florida for $2 million

3. Napoléon’s American Empire sours1. Events in continental Europe turn against Napoleon

2. Haiti rebelled against the French under the leadership of Toussaint L’Ouverture

3. Napoléon sells Louisiana (900,000 sq. mi. and New Orleans) for $15 million

3. Ratification of the Louisiana Purchase was mostly overwhelming except for some Federalists

1. Called the deal unconstitutional

2. Feared a shift in economic and political power to the midwest and frontier

Louisiana PurchaseIt was the western half of the Mississippi River basin purchased in 1803 from France by the United States; at less than three cents per acre for 828,000 square miles, it was the greatest land bargain in U.S. history. The purchase doubled the size of the United States, greatly strengthened the country materially and strategically, provided a powerful impetus to westward expansion, and confirmed the doctrine of implied powers of the federal Constitution.

Jefferson instructed Robert R. Livingston, the U.S. minister at Paris, to take two steps: (1) to approach Napoleon's minister, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, with the object of preventing the retrocession in the event this act had not yet been completed; and (2) to try to purchase at least New Orleans if the property had actually been transferred from Spain to France. Direct negotiations with Talleyrand, however, appeared to be all but impossible. For months Livingston had to be content with tantalizing glimmerings of a possible deal between France and the United States. But even these faded as news of the Spanish governor's revocation of the right of deposit reached the U.S. minister. With this intelligence he had good reasons for thinking the worst: that Napoleon Bonaparte may have been responsible for this unfortunate act and that his next move might be to close the Mississippi River entirely to the Americans. Livingston had but one trump to play, and he played it with a flourish. He made it known that a rapprochement with Great Britain might, after all, best serve the interests of his country, and at that particular moment an Anglo-American rapprochement was about the least of Napoleon's desires.

America Takes Advantage of Neutrality

The continental European wars kept France and Britain embroiled in conflict

American shipping grew prosperously from their declared neutrality

The British tried to enforce the Rule of 1756 This principle said that trade closed in time of peace could not be opened

in time of war Jefferson faced pressure from this Rule as the war raged with Napoléon

The British seize American sailors The British began to impress or draft by force Americans The British took the view, “once an Englishman, always an Englishman” They did not take into consideration that the Englishmen had become

naturalized Americans

War of 1812

Causes of the WarImpressment

Britain and France were fighting a war in Europe

Britain began capturing American sailors and “impressing” them, or forcing them to work on British ships

By 1807, Britain had seized more than 1,000 American ships

The War of 1812

2.Embargo Act of 1807President Jefferson

convinced Congress to declare an embargo

Jefferson believed the embargo would hurt Britain, but it really hurt America

In 1809, Congress ended the embargo with all countries except Britain and France

The War of 1812

3.America’s Desire for CanadaAmericans saw that

Canada was not well-defended by Britain

Americans wanted more land and believed that people in Canada would want to join the United States

The War of 1812

B.The War HawksA group of Republican

Congressmen from the South and West

Wanted war against BritainLed by Senator John C.

Calhoun of South Carolina and Henry Clary of Kentucky

The War of 1812

War Hawks Take Counsel

A Congress full of Hawks assembled in 1811 The old revolutionary leaders were fading from the scene

and sent their ideas by courier letter The western and southern leaders felt that they needed to

uphold America’s honor Without a navy, the Americans had only British Canada to fight Southern leaders eyed the prize of Florida Since Spain was an ally of Britain this became a war of convenience to

achieve both aims

New England opposed war with: New Englanders also saw their power dwindling as the

western states began to grow

Congress and the President reluctantly declare war Britain was going to start trade with America again because

of tremendous shortages in factories and stores

War Hawks Take Counsel (cont’d)

Madison’s grievances The impressment of American sailors

The violations of American rights on the seas

The British Orders in Council

The incitement of the Indians

Support for the warThe South and West supported the war and Mr.

Madison’s bid for re-electionThe Federalist Northeast called the War of 1812-

“Mr. Madison’s War”

C.Election of 1808James Madison, a

Democratic-Republican, won

In the Spring of 1812, Madison decided to go to war against Britain

The War of 1812

D.The War in CanadaAmericans were

unprepared for warThe British captured

Detroit and the Americans failed to capture Canada

Many Native Americans helped the British because they wanted to stop Americans from taking more land

The War of 1812

E.The War at SeaThe U.S. Navy was young

and outnumberedIn November of 1812, the

British blockaded the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays

The blockade grew throughout the war

By 1813, most American ships were unable to leave their ports

The War of 1812

F. The War on LandBattle for Washington

The British invaded Washington, D.C. in 1814

British soldiers burned the Capitol, the White House, and other public buildings

Before the British burned the White House, Dolly Madison saved a famous painting of George Washington

The War of 1812

The War Ensues (1812)

American problems in waging war Poor strategic strategy

Capture Canada and hold it for ransom or trade

No main objective was defined

Poorly trained army of only 7,000 men Secretary of War was an inept strategist (surgeon by trade) Senior general was old and out of touch Country was not united, Americans sold to the enemy Congress did not levy enough taxes to finance the war

Naval battles help American morale Officers proved capable though greatly outnumbered The USS Constitution, USS United States, and USS Wasp inflicted heavy losses on

the British

The British are engaged in Canada Unstable and uncertain American officers surrender Detroit The Indians enter the war as formidable British allies The New York militia is defeated at Niagra River

The USS Constitution defeats HMS Guerriere, a significant event during the war.

2.Battle at Fort McHenryFrancis Scott Key: an

American lawyer and prisoner of the British

Saw an American flag flying over Ft. McHenry after the battle

The flag inspired Key to write “The Star-Spangled Banner”

The War of 1812

The War Continues (1813-1814)

Americans regain the Northeast LT Oliver Perry gained substantial naval battle on the Great Lakes GEN William Henry Harrison regains Detroit

The British and Indians are pushed into Monrovian Town, Canada

The Indian chief Tecumseh is killed in battle

Three American forts remained in British hands: Michilimackinac, Dearborn, and Niagra

The American forces torched many Canadian town including York

The British attack Washington, D.C. Napoléon had been defeated at Waterloo Britain could now transport troops to America and blockade the coast The Capital was almost defenseless as government clerks hid records The President and Mrs. Madison flee taking Washington’s portrati The British set fire to the Capitol and the White House

British advances are halted A move up the Chesapeake proved to be fruitless at Fort McHenry and Baltimore Americans fight the British to a draw in Canada leaving them in control to secure

New England at the Battle of Plattsbourg

G.The Battle of New Orleans (1815)The most

famous/important battle of the War

Americans were lead to victory by General Andrew Jackson

The battle continued even after the war ended because word did not reach the Americans for several weeks

The War of 1812

H.The Treaty of GhentIn December, 1815,

British and Americans met in Ghent, Belgium to negotiate a peace treaty

Results of the war:Britain and

American became better allies

America gained respect from other countries

The War of 1812

Peace Talks and the Treaty of Ghent

The Americans send a delegation to Ghent, Belgium to sue for peace

American terms for peace British must stop impressment of sailors Respect the rights of neutrals on the high seas Pay America for the damages they had caused before and during the war Try and obtain Canada

British terms for peace Keep all the American territory they occupied at war’s end Obtain a part of Maine for attachment to Canada

Outcome of the treaty Neither side won or lost anything The usual exchange of prisoners, restoration of occupied territory, and end to

hostilities

Andrew Jackson defeats Indians and British after the treaty News traveled slowly and Jackson attacked Horseshoe Bend and New Orleans after

the treaty was signed The Battle of New Orleans was the most important victory since Yorktown

Vocabulary

1. Impressment

2. Embargo

3. Unprepared

4. Capture

5. Outnumbered

6. Blockade

7. Port

8. Invade

9. Allies

A. A refusal to trade with another country

B. Friends

C. To take control of

D. A place where ships stop

E. Forcing sailors to work on another ship

F. Not read

G. To enter with force

H. Closing off an area with ships

I. When the other side has more soldiers/people than you do

Completing the Revolution Concept Map

What is it?

ComparisonsHow are they alike?

Exam

ple

s/C

om

pari

sons

ContrastsHow are they different?

United States

Early Nation Quiz1. What influence from the French Revolution did

George Washington hope would not develop?

2. Give two examples of either the Jeffersonian Democrat-Republicans or the Hamiltonian Federalists.

3. What series of newspaper articles was published as a book in 1788 to convince Americans to accept the Constitution?

4. Give two contrasting points between the Continental Congress and the U.S Congress.

5. Explain one main issue from one of the following Presidencies—Washington, Adams, Jefferson, Madison.