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A new regulatory frame to support a wave of grid investments in the EU?
Training for Russian authorities & companies (9 November 2014) Jean-Michel Glachant - Director FSR Holder Loyola de Palacio Chair
The issue: EU wave of grid investments?
Wave of investments (up to Eur 200bn) for:
• Interconnecting the internal market
• Integrating massive Renewables
• Deploying technological change (smart this… / smart that…)
It is unprecedented since… a while…
Reality too complex? Let’s simplify it! !!!
3
Day-ahead market
Intraday markets
Balancing market
Reserves/ ancillary services
markets
Explicit auctions for transmission
capacity
Implicit auctions
Market coupling
Market splitting
Capacity markets
Bilateral / OTC
Long term contracts
Flexibility market
Baseload product
Peak load product
Congestion management
No Reg. change Or big Reg. change?
• No Regulatory change needed?
Super Optimism: because grid companies are regulated. Hence do what they are told to do (“control and command”).
• Big Regulatory change expected?
Super Realism: because existing EU regulatory frame has not been conceived to steer a wave of investments & of tech. innovation = it doesn’t push for effective wave of investments and Tech. innovation
Two holes in our regulatory frame
• (1) Our regulation ultimate aim was & is (LowCost) “Lowering all Cost”.
Model Ryanair or Easyjet for Opex + a break on Capex
>What for a wave of investments & Tech. innovation?
• (2) Regulation of investments is only national
As if EU internal market was only a by-product of national interests
>What for EU internal market & regional initiatives?
A wave Of four regulatory challenges?
• 1- Coordination of our massive investments
• 2- Economic efficiency of our regulatory frame
• 3- Financial feasibility of an investment wave
• 4- Handling of (massive?) redistributive effects
1st Reg. Challenge: Coordination of investments
• (1-1)TRSM investment </> Generation
¤complement to Generation (“favors” G) ¤ also substitute to G (“kills” or “deters” G) ¤¤ massive TRSM investment > massive effects on G
• (1-2) Social value of TRSM = f(G)
¤ social value of massive TRSM invest = f(G) ¤¤ To get the max from TRSM invest we also need a max from G
• (1-3) Critical to coordinate TRSM and G: How in a G Market?
• (1-4) How to coordinate cross-border invest in TRSM & G? @ EU level? Regional? North Sea Off-Shore
2nd Reg. Challenge: Economic Efficiency of Existing Reg. Frame
• (2-1) Existing Incentive regulation gives incentives…
Price Cap calls for – Costs for a given Output (given set of services). It targets - OPEX while bypassing CAPEX (assuming – Investments)
• (2-2) No reg. frame for new set of ++services
with massive investment and Tech. innovation
>New set of services ¤> new set of Key Performance Indicators (KPI)?
>¤¤ To buy new grid services through new KPI?
>¤¤¤ To go from Price Cap on a given menu to Shopping Price “à la carte” + service volume targets? (PBR: Perf. based regulation)
Existing Reg.Frame: Economic efficiency (Cted)
• (2-3) What to do with CAPEX efficiency?
¤We did: “invest less for same set of services”
¤¤May we do: “pay less for any invest. volume”
• (2-4) Reducing CAPEX for given investment
= primarily to lower Capital Costs = to lower the risk of investment… while innovation might increase risk anyhow
• (2-5) Reducing risks
by guaranteeing better revenues? By giving longer term contracts 10-15 Years ?
Existing Reg.Frame: Economic efficiency (end)
• (2-6) To invest less for same target of new services?
¤ to really incentivize grid services users?
¤¤ To abandon “low direct pricing” / “high socialization tariffs”: “Shallow Costs”>“deep costs”?
¤¤¤ To quit “Light Generation charge / Heavy Load charge” for “Heavy G / Light L”?
¤¤ ¤¤ How to embark in massive investment if grid users do not feel & care about the costs of their individual provision of new services?
3d Reg.Challenge: Financial feasibility of investment wave
Could existing Reg. frame deliver wave financing?
With low-cost tariffs how to attract wave investments?
Publicly owned companies
• (3-1) Could publicly owned companies borrow more? Did they already reach their Debt limits?
• (3-2) May we favor their cash flow with faster amortization? May public owner inject new equity?
• (3-3) May they swallow real wave of investments with no tariff increase?
Financial feasibility (Cted)
Private companies: Could they attract investment funding?
• (3-4) What ROR level to raise new funding?
• (3-5) What good ratio “Debt / Equity” to boost the Return on Equity with a low ROR? What ratio “dividends to benefits”? Financially acceptable? Socially acceptable? Politically credible (for decades ahead)?
• (3-6) May Private Comp. swallow real wave of investments with no significant tariff increase?
Results in the Business-as-usual scenario
Business-as-usual scenario
13
Annual costs in the ENTSO-E area
2012-2030 (€2012 Billion)
Refurbishing: 55 Bn over 2012-2030
New Projects: 155/207 Bn over 2012-2030
02468
1012
2012 2016 2020 2024 2028
Bn€
Extended TYNDP EC Roadmap Equity
Injection
Retained
Earnings
Debt
70% Pay-out ratio
Initial allowed return on assets= 7.5%
Tariffs rising annually by CPI+1.04%
0 % Equity injection
Initial gearing = 58.9 % 02468
1012
2012 2016 2020 2024 2028
Bn€
• Loss of the investment grade within ten years.
Results in the Business-as-usual scenario
What investment volume under current
tariffs evolution?
14
Financing gap corresponding to half the new investment needs.
The higher standard cannot be maintained in any case.
Rise in tariffs limited to CPI+1.04% after 2012
47%
Extended TYNDP
Achievable
Not-achievable
Nominal post-tax ROE: 7.2%
Nominal pre-tax ROA: 6.1%
€ 41billion of new debt
Current trend
CPI + 1.04% / year
Required trend
CPI + 3.40% / year
Revenue uplift:
tariffs to achieve 100% TYNDP?
15
Evolution of tariff components
between 2012 and 2030
Financial feasibility (end)
How to combine wave of investments with portfolio of existing assets? Could we isolate new assets from the old ones? • (3-7) Radical move is to go for massive “project financing”?
Groups of new assets are lodged in ad hoc companies isolated from existing grids and open to new investors
• (3-8) New investment vehicles are offered an ad hoc regulatory frame (ROR, Amortization, TOTEX Cap, length of contracts; rules of contract revision; etc.)
• (3-9) National Reg. frame is potentially broken: investors from anywhere can enter investment race. National TSOs are offered to self-internationalize by investing abroad.
• (3-10) Cash trapped or tightly regulated TSOs are pushed in “Indian reserves” (old regulatory frame, low return, no expectation of turn over or revenue growth)
4th Reg. Challenge: Handling of (massive?) redistributive effects
• (4-1) As TRSM invest is complement and substitute to Generation
Massive TRSM invest will allow massive Gen. changes:
¤ Generation marginal costs and merit order
¤¤ Market value of Generation assets
¤¤¤ Market prices of electricity (day-ahead, intra-day, balancing and ancillary services)
(Massive?) redistributive effects (Cted)
• (4-2) With massive changes for costs, merit order, revenues and market prices, allocation of the benefits and costs of new investments to become very hot potato
• (4-3) Whom to target & whom to favor? National G or Foreign G? National Load or Foreign L?
• (4-4) Eurocrats (like me) see an EU social welfare. Whom at national level sees anything else that national welfare? Even sub-national (Scotland, Catalonia, Flanders, Bavaria)
• (4-5) Coming EU Cost-Benefits-Analysis methodology likely to bypass the national and inter-national welfare redistribution issue? How could national regulators bypass it? Could ACER actually settle all the inter-regulatory conflicts?
(more or… less) To conclude
• (C1) A massive wave of investments can only have massive consequences
• (C2) Four substantial regulatory challenges arise in the EU: *coordination of investments
**economic efficiency of regulation;
***financial feasibility
**/**handling of massive redistributive effects
• (C3) A wave of massive investments could less be a dream than… four serious headaches for our beloved EU regulators
www.florence-school.eu 20
Thank you for your attention Email contact: [email protected] Follow me on Twitter (already 4485 tweets): @JMGlachant Read the IAEE Journal I’m chief-editor of:
EEEP “Economics of Energy & Environmental Policy”
My web site: http://www.florence-school.eu