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Multimedia Principles
Let’s look at 7 research-based principles for the design of
multimedia messages
1. Multimedia Principle
Students learn better from words and pictures than from words alone.
The next slide is a description in words of how a tire pump works:
When the handle is pulled up, the piston moves up, the inlet valve opens, the outlet valve closes and air enters the lower part of the cylinder.
When the handle is pushed down, the piston moves down, the inlet valve closes, the outlet valve opens, and air moves out through the hose.
The next slide is a description using both words and pictures of how a tire pump works:
Is the message clearer when pictures and words are used well together?
2. Spatial Contiguity Principle
Students learn better when corresponding words and pictures are presented near rather than far
from each other on the page or screen.
Let’s look at a diagram of a tire pump where the words are a bit too far from the parts:
Now let’s look at a slide that shows the words and pictures closer to one another:
Is the second diagram easier to understand?
3. Temporal Contiguity Principle
Students learn better when corresponding words and pictures are presented simultaneously rather
than successively.
The next slide will present a textual description about rainfall. Please read it.
1. Cool moist air moves over a warmer surface and becomes heated2. Warmed moist air near the earth’s surface rises rapidly.3. As the air in this updraft cools, water vapor condenses into water droplets and
forms a cloud.4. The cloud’s top extends above the freezing level, so the upper portion of the
cloud is composed of tiny ice crystals.5. Eventually, the water droplets and ice crystals become too large to be
suspended by the updrafts.6. As raindrops and ice crystals fall through the cloud, they drag some of the air in
the cloud downward, producing downdrafts.7. When downdrafts strike the ground, they spread out in all directions, producing
the gust of wind people feel before the start of rain.8. Within the cloud, the rising and falling air currents cause electrical charges to
build.
The next slide will present a pictorial description about rainfall. Please look at it:
The next slide will be present both a pictorial and textual version:
Does the combination of words and pictures enable you to construct a better mental image?
4. Coherence Principle
Students learn better when extraneous words, pictures, and sounds are excluded rather than
included.
Let’s look at some examples:
5. Modality Principle
Students learn better from animation and narration than from animation and on-screen text.
6. Redundancy Principle
Better transfer occurs when animation and narration are not combined with printed text. When pictures and words are both presented
visually, it can overload visual working memory capacity.
7. Individual Differences Principle
Design effects are stronger for low-knowledge learners than from high-knowledge learners and for high-spatial
learners than for low-spatial learners.