Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
New Kingdom
MemphisGizaSaqqaraThebesNubiaTanis PhoeniciaCreteKnossosJerusalem
TigrisEuphratesURURKLagashSumerBabylonUral SeaPersian Gulf
New Kingdom
Thebes drives out the Hyksos.
Egypt becomes a world power and Empire.
Egypt ruled by the military who chooses Pharaoh
Map of New Kingdom Egypt
Amosis I 1550–1525 BC 18th Dynasty
Amosis rallies all of central Egypt and builds a great army and navy.
He defeats the Hyksos and takes their capital in Palestine.
He builds a fortresses on the Island of Shaat in Nubia.
The women play important roles in government, some become national icons.
Give praise to the lady of the land, The mistress of the shores of Hau-nebut, Whose reputation is high over every foreign land,Who governs the masses, The king’s wife, the sister of the sovereign (life, prosperity, and health!),The king’s daughter, the noble king’s mother, The wise one, Who takes care of Egypt. She has gathered together its officials And guarded them; She has rounded up its fugitives And gathered up its deserters; She has pacified Upper Egypt And subdued its rebels: The king’s wife, Ahhotep, may she live.
Amosis I c. 1550–1525 BC
Amosis’ pyramid complex at Abdju
Instead of pyramids, Kings hid their burial sights in the side of the cliffs around Thebes.
Tutmosis I coffin made by daughter Hatshepsut in the Valley of the Kings
Hatshepsut c. 1479–1458 BC,Came to the throne as regent to her stepson.
“His son arose in his place as king of the Two Lands, having assumed rule upon the throne of his begetter; while his sister, the god’s wife Hatshepsut, conducted the affairs of the land, the Two Lands being in her counsels. She is served; Egypt bows [its] head”.
Hatshepsut c. 1479–1458 BC,
On some monuments, she re-carved the image to show her as a man.
Hatshepsut c. 1479–1458 BC
Hatshepsut c. 1479–1458 BC,
She strongly supports trade, business, and peace.
Ushering in decades of prosperity.
Hatshepsut c. 1479–1458 BC,
She builds the most famous temple in the Valley of the Kings.
Hatshepsut c. 1479–1458 BC,
Hatshepsut c. 1479–1458 BC,She rebuilds Thebes grandly, and improves cities everywhere.
In 1458, Thutmose III succeeds her.
He orders her statues smashed.
Tutmosis III 1479–1425 BC
He led seventeen international war campaigns with a professional standing army.
Tutmosis III 1479–1425 BC
“The Napoleon of Egypt“, he captures 350 cities during his rule.
Tutmosis III 1479–1425 BC
He personally led his troops in battle.
“Be steadfast, be steadfast! Be vigilant, be vigilant!”, said the King, as he appeared in the center of his infantry, standing on a chariot of electrum and clad in shining armor—a dazzling sight to inspire his troops and intimidate the enemy who fled.”
He records the stupendous booty from the Battle of Megiddo at Thebes: two thousand horses and a thousand chariots; almost two thousand cattle, the same number of goats, and more than twenty thousand sheep; 1,796 male and female slaves and their children, and numerous prisoners of war, including the wives of the ruler of Kadesh.
Tutmosis III 1479–1425 BC
He continues building on a lavish scale.
Tutmosis III 1479–1425 BC
He continues building on a lavish scale.
Migrates and slaves filled Egyptian towns and cities.
Egyptians learn glass making from Sumerian immigrants.
Jews in Egypt
Some scholars believe Moses (c1391–1271 BCE) lived contemporarily with Tutmosis III rather than the traditional King Ramses the Great.
Ikhnaton 1353–1336 BC
The most controversial and enigmatic pharaoh.
He degreed only one God mattered (monotheism) the Aten, and outlawed all other religions.
Amenophis Ikhnaton 1353–1336 BC
Amenophis Ikhnaton 1353–1336 BC
He built a new capital Akhet-Aten,
He ignored foreign affairs and poured all of Egypt's’ wealth into his city and religion.
Egypt lost Syria to the Hittite Kingdom.
He built Sun temples throughout Egypt.
Amenophis Ikhnaton 1353–1336 BC
While kings of the past stressed their role in upholding maat ,
Akhenaten said he lived on maat like the gods themselves.
Amenophis Ikhnaton 1353–1336 BC
You shine forth in beauty on the horizon of heaven,O living Aten, the creator of life! When you rise on the eastern horizon,You fill every land with your beauty .Beautiful, great, dazzling ,High over every land,Your rays encompass the lands To the limit of all that you have made.…The earth is bright when you rise on the horizon ,And shine as Aten of the daytime.You dispel the darkness When you send out your rays. The Two Lands are in festival …All the herds are at peace in their pastures, Trees and plants grow green ,Birds fly up from their nests …Fish in the river leap in your presence ,Your rays are in the midst of the sea.…How manifold are your deeds, Though hidden from sight. Sole god, apart from whom there is no other,You created the earth according to your desire, when you were alone.All people, cattle, and flocks, All upon earth that walk on legs ,All on high that fly with wings …Your rays nurse every pasture ;When you rise, they live and prosper for you. You made the seasons to foster everything of your making—Winter to cool them, heat that they might taste you.9 c
Nefertari’s Tomb
King Tutankhamen1332–1323 BC.
Akhenaten’s nine-year-old son succeded him Tutankhaten, “the living image of the Aten.”
Picked and controlled by the priests of the old religions, and military.
King Tutankhamen1332–1323 BCE.
He starts restoring the traditional Gods, yet dies mysteriously before his 20th birthday in 1322 BCE.
King Tutankhamen1332–1323 BCE He tomb in the Valley of the Kings forgotten, until Howard Carter discovered it in 1922.
King Tutankhamen1332–1323 BCE The most famous find in Egyptian archeology.
King Tutankhamen1332–1323 BCE
King Tutankhamen1332–1323 BCE
His widow (Ankhesenamun ) arranges a marriage with a Hittite prince.
However, he was assassinated on the Egyptian board.
The Hittites took more lands from Egypt.
Ramses II 1303 BC – 1213 BCE19th Dynasty
Ramses the Great the most celebrated, and powerful pharaoh of the New Kingdom.
Battle of Kadesh May 1274 BC
In 1274, he leads an army against the Hittite King Muwatalli.
Battle of Kadesh May 1274 BC
Hittites 3,700 heavy chariots
37,000 infantry.
Egyptians 20,000 troops divided into 4
divisions. Light chariots and infantry
Battle of Kadesh May 1274 BC
Battle of Kadesh May 1274 BC
Battle of Kadesh May 1274 BC
Battle of Kadesh May 1274 BC
"I found the 2,500 chariots, in whose midst I was, sprawling before my horse. Not one of them found his hand to fight...and they were unable to shoot. They found not their hearts to seize their javelins."
Battle of Kadesh May 1274 BC
A truce the next day.
Hattusili and Ramses proclaim the first known Peace Treaty in history.
Peace between Egypt and Hittite
Egyptian northern boarder set at Byblos.
Behold, Hattusili, the ruler of the Hittites, binds himself by treaty to Usermaatra, chosen-one-of-Ra, the great ruler of Egypt, beginning today, so that perfect peace and brotherhood may be created between us forever—he being in brotherhood and peace with me, and I being in brotherhood and peace with him, forever
Harsh treatment for Egyptian troops that fled.
None of you was there...None rose to lend me his hand in my fight...None of you came later to tell the story of his heroic deeds in Egypt...The foreigners who saw me, praise my name to the end of all lands where I was not known...Since ancient times a man was honored for his fighting abilities, but I will not reward any of you, as you have abandoned me when I was alone fighting my enemies."
Ramses II 1303 BC – 1213 BC
Ramses triumphantly returns to Egypt proclaiming it a great victory, although it was a draw or loss.
The Hittites annex Kadesh and the surrounding provinces.
Ramses II
Ramses promoted it as the greatest Egyptian victory in history on hundreds of temple walls, obelisks, and frescos.
Ramses II
He improves cities, temples and monuments.
At Abu Simbel, four colossal seated statues of Ramses (each 20 meters high) guard the temple.
Abu Simbel
Temple to Nephatari
Ramses II
Ramses II 1279–1213 BC
Ramses II
Temple of Karnak
Most scholars think Moses led the Hebrews (Jews) out of Egypt during his long reign.
Ramses III 1186–1155 BCE
Last effective military pharaoh, barely fights off another invasion of the Sea Peoples.
The Sea People destroy the Hittite Kingdom.
Egypt had 11 pharaohs named Ramses, the most popular name.
Egypt divides internally into two states.
Libyans first immigrated legally to Egypt.
They joined the army and served loyalty.
Decline of New Kingdom
In 1069 BCE, a Libyan general became pharaoh, dividing Egypt into two parallel states.
Each didactic half had its own system of government, administration, and ceremonial capital.
Decline of New Kingdom
Each didactic half had its own system of government, administration, and ceremonial capital
Decline of New Kingdom
In 728, the Kingdom of Kush conquers Nubia, Egypt looses its gold mines.
The Assyrians invade four times in 30 years. They destroy the Libyans and sack Memphis and Thebes.
Decline of New Kingdom
Decline of Egypt
• Assyrians sack Memphis and Thebes 662BC• Darius of Persians becomes Pharaoh of Egypt 525BCE• Alexander the Great becomes Pharaoh Egypt 332BCE• Egypt becomes a colony of Rome in 30BCE
Cleopatra VII the last Pharaoh of Egypt considered herself the daughter of Isis
end
• 639 CE Arabs conquer Egypt • Followed by the Ottoman, French, and British
Empires
• Egypt would not be an independent Nation State until February 22, 1922 after President Woodrow Wilson forced the Europeans to give up colonial empires.
• Amun Thebian god of the wind• Husband of Mut• And father to the Moon
• After Thebes drives out the Hysksos
• Amun is merged with RA to become Amun RA
NEXT TIME NEXT TIME
NEW CENTERS OF CIVILIZATION
Pgs 54-60
