RICEOryza sativa L.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.)￭ the most important staple food for a large

part of the world's human population: East Asia South Asia Southeast Asia Middle East Latin America, and West Indies

￭ the grain with the second highest worldwide production, after maize.

Expansion of rice cultivation

Asian RiceOryza sativa Wild Rice

Rice-Producing Countries

Rice Production and Consumption

Together, China and India accounted for over half of the world’s rice supply in 2006.1. China: 182 million tons (28.8%)2. India: 136.5 million tons (21.6%)3. Indonesia: 54.4 million tons (8.6%)4. Bangladesh: 43.7 million tons (6.9%)5. Vietnam: 35.8 million tons (5.7%)6. Thailand: 29.3 million tons (4.6%)7. Myanamar: 25.2 million tons (4%)8. Philippines: 15.3 million tons (2.4%)9. Brazil: 11.5 million tons (1.8%)10. Japan: 10.7 million tons (1.7%).http://internationaltradecommodities.suite101.com/article.cfm/top_rice_producing_countries#ixzz0snCNSXzS

Rice-Producing Countries

TaxonomyKingdom: Plantae (Plants) Subkingdom: Tracheobionta (Vascular plants)

Superdivision: Spermatophyta (Seed plants) Division: Magnoliophyta (Flowering plants)

Class: Liliopsida (Monocotyledons) Subclass: Commelinidae

Order: CyperalesFamily: Poaceae (Grass family) Genus: Oryza L. (rice)

Species: Oryza sativa L. (rice)

History￭ Rice is the world's largest food crop,

providing the caloric needs of millions of people daily

￭ There are two distinct types of domesticated rice Oryza sativa, or Asian rice and Oryza glaberrima, African rice.

History￭ The genus Oryza contains 21 wild

relatives￭ The genus is divided into four species: O. sativa, O. officialis, O. ridelyi O. granulata species complexes

￭ All members of the Oryza genus have n = 12 chromosomes

History￭ O. sativa complex contains 2

domesticated species: O. sativa O. glaberrima,, and 5 or 6 wild species:

O. rujipogon, O. nivara (also considered to be an ecotype

of O. rujipogon), O. barthii, O. longistaminata, O. meridionalis and O. glumaepatula, all of which are diploids.

History Oryza sativa: Asia O. glaberrima: West Africa. Oryza rujipogon: Asia and Oceania. O. barthii and O. longistaminata: African O. barthii:endemic in West Africa O. longistaminata: throughout Africa. Oryza meridionalis: native to Australia O. glumaepatula: endemic in Central and

South America.

History￭ Many phenotypic differences are

obvious between O. sativa and its wild relatives

￭ Wild rices typically display long awns and severe shattering for seed dispersal, whereas the domesticated type have short awns if any and reduced shattering to maximize the number of seeds that can be harvested.

Botany

Germinating seed

The coleorhiza protrudes first Radicle or primary root breaks through the covering

Coleoptile emerging as a tapered cylinder

Seedling

Mesocotyl pushing the coleoptile

above the soil surface

First and second seedling leaf

Tiller

Types of roots Secondary adventitious roots

Culm

Young and mature culm

Tillers

Leaf

Leaves alternate on the culm in opposite directions

Leaf

Sheath pulvinus Leaf collar Ligule and auricle

Parallel veins on upper surface Leaf midrib

Different varieties with varying blade characteristics

Rice and grassy weed comparison

Panicle and Spikelet

Rice panicle

Panicle and Spikelet

Floret

Flower

Rice grain

Rice hullsRice grains

WHAT IS ORGANIC RICE?

Organic Rice￭ Free from chemical￭ fat free and high carbohydrate content￭ red and brown rice have higher fiber

value than white rice￭ has low sugar content￭ When you eat 45 grams of organic rice,

you only consume 160 calories of carbohydrates.

Organic Rice production￭ avoid the use of synthetic fertilizers,

pesticides, and growth regulators￭ Instead they rely on crop rotations￭ biological pest control ￭ maintain soil health￭ supply plant nutrients￭ minimize insects, weeds, and other

pests.

Weed Suppression￭ Weed control and soil fertility are the

principal challenges￭ primary weed-control practices include crop rotations land leveling seedbed preparation

￭ water management￭ rotary hoeing.

Soil Fertility￭ Maintaining soil fertility in organic

cropping typically involves some combination of crop rotation with deep-rooted legume crops or green manure/cover crops

￭ applying animal manures composts other approved organic amendments.

￭ Nitrogen is usually provided through the growing of legume cover crops

￭ Bone meal is a good source of cheap phosphorus (content of around 12%)

￭ Rice straw and manure are good sources of potassium.

Soil Fertility

Organic manure￭ Organic manures obtained either from

cattle or plants￭ Organic manure's – maintains better

structure of soil ￭ Green leaf manure mainly neem, Pongamia pinnata and

Glyricidia￭ Green manure daincha, manila agathi, sunhemp.

Insects and diseases management￭ Rice is grown in flooded fields, insect

pests are usually a minor problem ￭ Fall armyworm and chinchbug are

easily controlled by a flush of water￭ Timely planting, variety selection, and

cultural practices to suppress weeds control stinkbugs and water weevils.

Biofertilizers for rice cultivation ￭ Bio-fertilizer are eco friendly and are

environmentally safe￭ The biofertilizers used for rice crop Azospirillum Phosphobacteria Blue green algae Azolla Mycorhiza.

Application of biofertilizers￭ Azospirillum: is a symbiotic bacteria and

it is an important biofertilizers used in rice

￭ Azospirillum treatment is recommended for seed, seedlings and in main field

￭ Seed treatment: 600 g/ha of Azospirillum culture are to be mixed with water where the seeds are soaked one night before sowing in the nursery bed.

￭ Main field: 2000 g/ha of Azospirillumwith 25 kg farmyard mamure and 25 kg of soil are mixed uniformly and broadcasted in the main field before transplanting

￭ Seedling treatment: A slurry can be prepared by mixing Azospirillum at 1000 g/ha in 40 litres of water and root portion of transplanted rice seedlings are dipped in bacterial suspension for 15-30 minutes.

Application of biofertilizers

Uses￭ Azospirillum bacteria thrives in root zones of

rice and is capable of fixing more atmospheric nitrogen which is absorbed by the plants

￭ Azospirillum also solubilizes phosphorus and silicon to some extent required by rice

￭ It renders plant drought tolerant when irrigation or rainfall is delayed

￭ By adopting Azospirillum application 30 per cent of the inorganic nitrogen usage can be reduced.

Blue Green Algae (BGA)

Blue Green Algae (BGA) is another type of biofertilizer used as an alga form. Important species are Cyanobacteria, Anabaena, Nostocand Tolypothrix

Blue green algal occurs naturally and comes up well under moist conditions. This can also be artificially cultured.

Uses ￭ The nitrogen fixed by BGA is about 15

kg/ha over a season￭ It oxygenates the water impounded in

the field￭ It excretes organic acids that renders

phosphorus solubilisation￭ The algal mat in paddy fields also

protects loss of moisture from the soil.

Azolla Azolla is a water fern having an algal

symbiont Anabaena azolla fixing atmospheric nitrogen

Azolla can be multiplied by constructing nurseries with 10 cm deep standing water and adding superhphosphate at 8 kg P2O5/ha in small plots

It can be applied as green manure prior to rice planting

Uses￭ Azolla excretes organic nitrogen in water

during its growth and also immediately upon trampling

￭ Fern fronds are soft and rapidly decomposed.

￭ It absorbs traces of potassium from irrigation water

￭ Azolla provides nitrogen, potassium organiccarbon etc.

￭ It prevents weed growth in rice field water.

Phosphobacteria ￭ This type of biofertilizers solubilise

phosphates in the soil and render them in available form for crop plants

￭ This is applied as the same dose in same manner as Azospirillum.

Uses￭ 25 to 50 of the recommended

Phosphorus can be reduced depending upon the native phosphorus content of the soil.

Mycorrhiza￭ It occurs naturally in low land and

upland rice. It mobilizes the phosphorus required by rice

￭ Since, biofertilizers are ecofriendlyinputs and are safer to the environment, farmers can adopt them and get benefited.

WHAT IS HYBRID RICE?

Hybrid Rice￭ Hybrids are produced by crossing two

inbred - genetically fixed - varieties of a particular crop

￭ Hybrids are special because they express what is called "heterosis" or hybrid vigour

￭ The idea is that if you cross two parents which are genetically distant from each other, the offspring will be "superior", particularly in terms of yield.

Heterosis (hybrid vigor)￭ application to increase: productivity (yield/unit/time, 15-20% of

yield advantage), and economic returns

￭ Heterosis A universal phenomenon that F1

generation shows superiority to both parents in agronomic traits or yield

has been exploited commercially in many agricultural crops.

Normal Rice Spikelet(self pollinated crop)

Sterile Rice Spikelet(Male Sterility)

Hybrid Seed Production(Male Sterile x Normal Rice)

How Hybrid Rice?

Male Sterility Systems in Rice￭ Male sterility: a condition in which the

pollen grain is unviable or cannot germinate and fertilize normally to set seeds

￭ Male Sterility Systems (genetic and non-genetic): Cytoplasmic genetic male sterility (CMS) Male sterility is controlled by the

interaction of a genetic factor (S) present in the cytoplasm and nuclear gene (s).

Environment-sensitive genic male sterility (EGMS)

Male sterility system is controlled by nuclear gene expression, which is influenced by environmental factors such as temperature (TGMS) daylength (PGMS), or both (TPGMS).

Chemically induced male sterility Male sterility is induced by some chemicals

(gametocides)

Male Sterility Systems in Rice

IRRI Hybrid Released as Country Year releasedIR64610H MGR-1 India 1994

IR64611H KRH-1 India 1994

IR64616H Magat Philippines 1994

IR65489H DRRH-1 India 1996

IR68284H Mestizo 1 Philippines 1997

IR69690H Sahyadri India 1998

IR69690H HYT-57 Vietnam 1999

IR69690H BRRI Dhan Hybrid 1 Bangladesh 2001IR69690H Rokan Indonesia 2002

IR75207H Mestizo 2 Philippines 2002

IR75217H Mestizo 3 Philippines 2002

IR78386H Mestizo 7 Philippines 2005

Release of IRRI Hybrids in Different Countries (1994-2005)

Progress of "Super High-Yielding" Hybrid Rice Program in China

Stage Yield (t/ha) Years Breeding Commercialization

Start 8.25 1997

Phase I 10.5 1996 - 2000 Finished Large area extension

Phase II 12.0 2000 - 2005 Finished Started

Phase III 13.5 2005 - 2010 Started

Goal (single-season) Progress (2006)

“Super high-yielding” hybrid rice breeding in China

Hybrid Rice

Hybrid Rice Seed ProductionIn Asia In United Sates

WHAT IS GOLDEN RICE?

Chronic Undernutrition among Children

Percentage of stunted children

Estimated Annual Number of Child Deaths Precipitated by Vitamin A Deficiency (Asia)

600 8,00030,500

14,0002,000 300

13,000 6,900

56,000

4,500 1,400 2,000

28,000

330,000

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

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China

India

Indon

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Mya

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Philippines

Thailand

Viet N

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Estim

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Ann

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VAD in China – current situation￭ The deaths of over 20,000 children each

year from increased susceptibility to infection. Cause: vitamin A deficiency

￭ Approximately 12% of China's children growing up with lowered immunity, leading to frequent ill health and poor growth. Cause: vitamin A deficiency (the prevalence

of vitamin A deficiency in children under 6 is estimated at 12%).

Vitamin & Mineral Deficiency: A damage assessment report for China. Micronutrient Initiative and UNICEF 2004

Trends in the Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency (by Age, and by Physiological State: 1993 & 1998)

35.3

16.4 16.4

38.0

22.216.5

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

Children Pregnant Women Lactating Women

Perc

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1993 1998

Philippine Nutrition: Facts and Figures(National Nutrition Survey, 1998)

What Is Golden Rice?￭ is created through recombinant

technology, genetically engineering the rice to produce β-carotene

￭ by introducing 4 extra genes for the respective enzymes into the endosperm

￭ The enzymes are required to complete the biosynthetic pathway in order for the rice to synthesize and accumulate β-carotene or pro-vitamin A.

What Is Golden Rice?￭ The genes are isolated from Narcissus

pseudonarcissus (daffodil)￭ Theses genes code for the enzymes: phytoene synthase (psy) phytoene desaturase and lycopene β-cyclase.

￭ The bacterial enzyme carotene desaturase is utilized to simplify the transformation process.

IPP DMAPP

GGPP (C20)

Phytoene (C40)desaturation

Lycopene (C40)

a - carotene b - carotene

cyclization

Carotenes

zeaxanthin

b-cryptoxanthin

astaxanthin

canthaxanthinXanthophylls

Phytoene synthasePlant source

Phytoene desaturaseBacterial source

a-cryptoxanthin

lutein

(Lycopene cyclase)Bacterial source

Basic Carotenoid Biosynthetic Pathway

ANY QUESTIONS?

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