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1 Presenter: Ronald K Tessman, DVM, PhD, DACVIM, DACVPM

4. pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gamithromycin

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Page 1: 4. pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gamithromycin

1

Presenter: Ronald K Tessman, DVM, PhD, DACVIM, DACVPM

Page 2: 4. pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gamithromycin

Special thanks to:

Laura Letendre, PhD and Rose Huang, PhD

For presentation development and technical assistance

Page 3: 4. pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gamithromycin

Outline

• Principles of drug disposition– ADME properties of drugs– Routes of administration

• Pharmacokinetics (PK) of Gamithromycin– Absorption– Distribution– Clearance

• Pharmacodynamics (PD) Gamithromycin in lungs– Comparison of Gamithromycin and TulathromycinPK parameters3

Page 4: 4. pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gamithromycin

Drug disposition

4

Page 5: 4. pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gamithromycin

Path of a drug in‐vivo: parenteral administration

Absorption

Distribution

Metabolism

Excretion

SCIV

5

Tissues/Organs

Systemic CirculationFree Drug Bound Drug

LiverDrug & Metabolite

Drug & Metabolite

IntestineDrug & 

Metabolite

Excretion in Urine

Excretion in Feces

Absorption

BiliaryExcretion

DistributionA

bsorption

Page 6: 4. pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gamithromycin

Parenteral routes

Epidermis

Dermis

SubcutaneousFat tissue

Muscle

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Page 7: 4. pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gamithromycin

Fast acting

Gamithromycin pharmacokinetics 

Absorption and systemic exposure

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Pharmacokinetics study

• Treatment groups– 3 mg/kg IV dose; n =12– 3, 6, or 9 mg/kg SC; n = 4/group

• Cattle characteristics– 12 male castrate and 12 female angus cattle– Less than 1 year old– Weight = 182 to 260 kg

• Analysis– Gamithromycin plasma concentration– Pharmacokinetics

PR&D0099101:Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic profile of Gamithromycin in plasma from cattle treated with a single intravenous dose (3mg/kg) or a single subcutaneous dose at 3, 6, or 9 mg/kg of Gamithromycin.

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Complete absorption of Gamithromycin

PR&D0099101

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Fast, complete absorption

Predictable Pharmacokinetic 

profileTime (day)

Gam

ithrom

ycin

Concen

tration (ng/mL)

Page 10: 4. pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gamithromycin

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Time (hour)

Gam

ithro

myc

in

Plas

ma

Con

cent

ratio

n (n

g/m

L)Prolonged absorption phase of 

Gamithromycin

PR&D0099101

Absorption rate = Elimination rate

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Fast absorption•80% of max within 15 mins•Max within 1 Hr

High concentrations maintained for 6 Hrsplateau 30 min to 6 Hrs

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Dose proportionality

• Dose adjustments are made with the assumption of dose proportionality

PR&D0099101

Target dose

ZACTRAN has a predictable response

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Summary of pharmacokinetic results

• Absorption is fast– 80% of max within 15 minutes– Maximum within 1 hour

• Absorption is complete– Bioavailability is 100%

• Predictable and proportional exposure with dose from 3 to 9 mg/kg

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Page 13: 4. pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gamithromycin

Long lasting

Gamithromycin pharmacokinetics

Clearance and distribution

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Definitions

14

Page 15: 4. pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gamithromycin

Concentration gradientdriving distribution

Plasma Protein Tissue

Plasma Extracellular fluid

Membrane

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Gamithromycin plasma protein binding = 26%

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Volume of distribution:a proportionality constant

Plasma Protein Tissue

Plasma Extracellular fluid

Membrane

Amount of drug in the body (t) = Vd * plasma concentration

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Volume distribution

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Physical chemical properties Important to PK

• Log P: preference for water or oil?

• Solubility in water

• pKa: how much drug is ionized at each pH?

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www.molecularstation.com

Page 19: 4. pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gamithromycin

GamithromycinPhysical chemical properties

• Lipophilic– Log P = 4.69

• High H2O solubility – 50 mg/mL

• Dibasic– pKa = 9.78 and 8.88

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O

O

Me

O

O

Me

HO OH

H

MeN Me

H

H

H

MeO O

RS

S R

R

R

S

RS

R

Me

OH

OMe

Me

OH

Me

HO

NH3C

CH3

Me1

15 14

1312

11

109

876

54

32

Page 20: 4. pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gamithromycin

Ionization of Gamithromycin in plasma

Plasma  pH 7.4;   pKa = 9.78

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pH = pKa ‐ 2      ~100% ionized

If pH = pKa 1:1 ratio

pH = pKa + 2       ~100% neutral

IonizedNeutral

Neutral 1   Ionized 240

Page 21: 4. pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gamithromycin

Ion trapping allows lung accumulation

Membrane Membrane

Neutral 1: Ionized 380Neutral 1: Ionized 240 Neutral 1: Ionized 95000

Plasma ‐ pH 7.4 Cytosol ‐ pH 7.2Macrophage – Acidic

e.g. pH of 4.8

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Non‐IonizedNon‐Ionized Non‐IonizedNon‐Ionized

For a pKa of 9.78

Page 22: 4. pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gamithromycin

Pulmonary distribution study• Treatment groups

– 6 mg/kg SC; n = 33• Cattle characteristics

– 18 male and 15 female, crossbred beef calves– Aged 7‐8 months– Weight 100‐300 kg

• Gamithromycin analysis• Plasma• Lung tissue homogenate• Other biofluids

PR&D0198501 : Evaluation of the Duration of the Concentration of Gamithromycinin Plasma, PELF, Lung Tissue Homogenate, BAL Cells in Cattle using an LCMS Method throughout a Therapeutic Time Period

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Gamithromycin tissue distribution10 days after dosing

Systemic circulation

Tissues/Organs

PR&D0198501

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Above MIC

Ratio 487:1

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Lung and plasma pharmacokinetics

PR&D0198501

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Metabolism study

• Treatment groups– 6 mg/kg SC; n = 14

• Cattle characteristics– 7 steers and 7 heifers, healthy beef calves– Aged 6‐7 months– Weight 190‐240 kg

• Gamithromycin analysis– Plasma– Feces and urine– Tissues and organs

• Liver, kidneys, lungs, muscle, abdominal fat and injection site– Total radioactive residues of Gamithromycin– Metabolite profiles

PR&D0078101 : Distribution and Excretion of Total Residues after the Subcutaneous Dosing in Cattle with Gamithromycinand PR&D0078501: Metabolite Profiles  in Selected Cattle Tissue Samples from PR&D0078101

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Elimination of Gamithromycin

PR&D0078101, PR&D0078501 

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Drug metabolism is limited

Metabolites proven 

inactive and safe

Page 27: 4. pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gamithromycin

Summary of GamithromycinMetabolism/distribution studies

• Protein binding is low (26%)

• Extensive tissue distribution– Lung >> plasma

– Intracellular ion trapping in the lung

• Quick systemic clearance of free drug

• Excreted primarily un‐metabolized in the bile

• Metabolites are not active

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Effectively concentrates in the lung

Gamithromycin pharmacodynamics

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Time dependence of Gamithromycinactivity

• Post‐antibiotic Effect (PAE) describes what happens to the test organism after the antibiotic is removed

• Common for macrolide class

• Gamithromycin PAE from 4.1 to 8.6 hours

• Consistent with other reported macrolides

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Gamithromycin concentration dependence studied

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PR&D0169301: Activity of the Gamithromycin against Histophilus somni strains associated with bovine respiratory disease: Determination of antibacterial kill kinetics.

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Bronchoalveolar lavage study• Treatment groups

– 6 mg/kg SC in the neck; n = 33• Cattle characteristics

– Crossbred beef calves– 7‐8 months old– 100‐300 kg

• Analysis– Gamithromycin concentrations in the

• Plasma• Pulmonary Epithelial Lining Fluid (PELF)• Lung tissue homogenate• Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells

– Pharmacokinetics

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PR&D0198501 : Evaluation of the Duration of the Concentration of Gamithromycinin Plasma, PELF, Lung Tissue Homogenate, BAL Cells in Cattle using an LCMS Method throughout a Therapeutic Time Period

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Uptake kinetics in clinically relevant tissues and fluids

PR&D0198501: Disposition of Gamithromycin in plasma, pulmonary epithelial lining fluid, bronchoalveolar cells, and lung tissue in cattle

PELF (Pulmonary Epithelial Lining Fluid)

Alveolar macrophages

Capillary Wall

Interstitial Fluid

Alveolar Epithelium

Bronchoalveolar biophase

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Bronchoalveolar lavage

• Use– Quantification of Gamithromycin in the BAL fluid

– BAL fluid• Pulmonary epithelial lining fluid & cell content (predominately alveolar macrophages)

• First line of defense against commensals and invading pathogens

– Strong support for fast acting and long lasting

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1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Time, days

Ga

mit

hro

myci

n C

on

cen

tra

tio

n

Lung (ng/g)BAL cells (ng/mL)PELF (ng/mL)MIC of 1 ug/mL

Therapeutic lung concentrations

PR&D0198501

Peak lung concentration  (12 hrs)

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Fast bacteria kill

Rapid therapeutic efficacy

Page 36: 4. pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gamithromycin

Therapeutic lung concentrations

PR&D0198501

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BAL and lung homogenate have high exposure (AUC).

Concentrations are reached quickly – above MIC in 30 mins.

Long lasting: above MIC for 10‐15 days.

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Time above MIC

PR&D0198501

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Above MIC in BAL cells for 15 

days

Figure 1. Time over which concentrations of gamithromycin in lung tissues exceed MIC90

0 5 10 15 20

M. haemolytica

P. multocida

H. somni

Time in days

BAL cells Whole lung PELF

1.0H. somni

1.0P. multocida

0.5M. haemolytica

MIC90 µg/mlEuropeanBRD isolates

Page 38: 4. pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gamithromycin

• Conclusions and clinical relevance– Fast absorption– Preferential concentrates in PELF, BAL cells and lung tissue– Concentrations in excess of the MIC90 for the common bacterial pathogens:

• Mannheimia haemolytica• Pasteurella multocida• Histophilus somni

– Present in specific biophases within 30 minutes of administration

– Persists for 7 days (PELF) to greater than 15 days (BAL cells and lung tissue) following administration of a single dose

Summary

PR&D0198501

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ZACTRAN

Comparison to Tulathromycin

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Tulathromycin references

• Nowakowski, M.A., et al., "Pharmacokinetics and Lung Tissue Concentrations of Tulathromycin a New Triamilide Antibiotic Cattle" Veterinary Therapeutics. 5. 1. 2004. Print.

• Evans, N. "Tulathromycin: An Overview of a New Triamilide Antimicrobial for Livestock Respiratory Disease" Veterinary Therapeutics. 6. 2. 2005. Print.

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Pharmacokinetic K comparison

ZACTRAN Data: PR&D0198501Tulathromycin Data: Veterinary Therapeutics V5, N1, Spring 2004, p60. 

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Tulathromycin Lung

Gamithromycin Lung

Gamithromycin Plasma

Page 42: 4. pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gamithromycin

Pharmacokinetic  comparison

Absorption and distribution

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Fast actingGamithromycin lung concentrations > MIC within 15 mins

Higher concentrations than Tulathromycin in lung

Page 43: 4. pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gamithromycin

Pharmacokinetic  comparison

Clearance

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Fast uptake plasma to tissuePersistent activity in tissue

Efficient terminal elimination

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Pharmacokinetic  comparison

Distribution

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Gamithromycin:higher lung concentrations

Page 45: 4. pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gamithromycin

Conclusion

• All advantages associated with the macrolideclass

• Fast and complete absorption• Fast and extensive lung distribution• Lung concentrations > MIC

– From 15 minutes (Fast Acting)– To 10‐15 days (Long Lasting)

• Effectively concentrates in the lung tissue faster than Tulathromycin

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Page 46: 4. pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gamithromycin

Questions

Page 47: 4. pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gamithromycin

1

10

100

1000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Ga

mit

hro

my

cin

Pla

sm

a C

on

ce

ntr

ati

on

(n

g/m

L)

Time (day)

Pharmacokinetics at the Recommended dose of 6 mg/kg SC

PR&D0099101

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Fast absorption