BILINGUAL PROGRAMMES IN PLURILINGUAL SETTINGS: CASE STUDY-

THE SPANISH BASQUE COUNTRYM1622- Bilingual Programmes, Policy and Practice – Prof. Isadora Norman

INTRODUCTION

Territory or Autonomous Community in Northern Spain

Unique linguistic heritage shared with French Basque Country and parts of Navarre

Linguistic rights guaranteed through Spanish Constitution and national regulations

Variety of Bilingual Education Models in Place

Unique adult education experience - euskaltegis

Extensive research has been done, published in English, Castilian Spanish and Basque.

CONTEXT: SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC INTRODUCTION

2.19 million inhabitants (INE, 2014)

2011: (Eustat, 2011) 2,119,586 inhabitants 442,609 born in Spain, outside Basque Country 183,419 born outside Spain 789,439 Basque - Castillian Spanish bilinguals (Euskaldun) 541,562 Semi-proficient Basque speakers 788,585 Castillian Spanish monolinguals (or other languages) (Erdaldun)

Very few monolingual Basque speakers (>1% of population)

LINGUISTIC PROFILES IN THE BASQUE COUNTRY

Bilinguals Partial Bilinguals Monolinguals0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Adapted from Eustat, 2011

MOTHER TONGUE VS HOME LANGUAGE

Basque

Castillian

Both

Other

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Home Language Mother Tongue

Thousands of speakers

Adapted from Eustat, 2011

ATTITUDES TOWARDS PROMOTING BASQUE LANGUAGE

23.90%

38.40%

26.10%

8.90%

2.70%

Very in favour

In favour

Neither in favour nor against

Against

Strongly against

Adapted from Eustat, 2011

OVERVIEW OF LINGUISTIC POLICY IN THE BASQUE COUNTRY

1976: Spanish government recognizes the Basque Language Academy

1982-3: Ley de normalización lingüística Legal framework for Bilingual Education models Maintenance and promotion of regional languages

1992: Spain signs and ratifies European Charter on Minority Languages

1999: General Plan for Promoting Basque (EBPN) 2009: Hacia un Pacto Renovado 2013: Plan de Acción para la Promoción de Euskera

BILINGUAL PROGRAMMES IN THE BASQUE COUNTRY

Basque-Spanish Bilingual Education is offered at all schools from pre-primary through higher education, with four main models

Teachers and other staff are required to reach a B2 or C1 level of Euskera (teacher linguistic profiles)

FL Bilingual Education is offered in some primary, secondary and tertiary education institutions (Mainly English-Spanish-Basque)

Immigrant languages are not present in the curriculum; foreign students are mainstreamed and emphasis is on gaining proficiency in Basque and Spanish

Language Rich Europe Country Profiles (2014) http://www.language-rich.eu/home/country-profiles/profiles-overview/spain-basque-country.html

Department of Education, Linguistic Policy and Culture of the Basque Country (2014) http://www.hezkuntza.ejgv.euskadi.net/r43-euskara/es

BILINGUAL EDUCATION MODELS IN THE BASQUE COUNTRY

MODEL ABasque as a second language

Majority of learners are Spanish speakersBasque is taught as a subjectCurricular subjects are taught in Spanish4-5 hours of Basque as a second language per week

MODEL BBilingual model

Majority of learners are Spanish speakers50% of the curriculum in Basque and 50% in SpanishPercentages may vary by schoolGoal is functional bilingualism

MODEL DTotal immersion in Basque

Basque and Spanish speakersSpanish is taught as a subjectCurricular subjects are taught in BasqueGoal is language maintenance for Basque speakers

MODEL XNo Basque Instruction

Foreign institutions which do not offer Basque

Adapted from Decreto 138/1983 del Departamento de Educación y Cultura del Gobierno Vasco

BILINGUAL EDUCATION MODELS IN THE BASQUE COUNTRY

Model A (18%)Transitional Heritage Language BEP

Model B (22%)Dual Language BEP / Partial Immersion BEP

Model D (60%)Total Immersion BEP

BILINGUAL EDUCATION MODELS IN THE BASQUE COUNTRY

MODEL ABasque as a second language

Majority of learners are Spanish speakersBasque is taught as a subjectCurricular subjects are taught in Spanish4-5 hours of Basque as a second language per week

MODEL BBilingual model

Majority of learners are Spanish speakers50% of the curriculum in Basque and 50% in SpanishPercentages may vary by schoolGoal is functional bilingualism

MODEL DTotal immersion in Basque

Basque and Spanish speakersSpanish is taught as a subjectCurricular subjects are taught in BasqueGoal is language maintenance for Basque speakers

MODEL XNo Basque Instruction

Foreign institutions which do not offer Basque

Adapted from Decreto 138/1983 del Departamento de Educación y Cultura del Gobierno Vasco

BASQUE-SPANISH BEP MODEL BY EDUCATIONAL LEVEL

Pre-Primary

Primary

Secondary

College

Vocational

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 100000

Chart Title

Model X Model D Model B Model A

FL BEP MODEL IN BASQUE COUNTRY

Language Based CLIL BEPS: 90% infant and primary schools use language based CLIL in English

instruction (ages 4 through 2nd grade) 211 primary schools participate from 3rd to 6th grade (28,000

students) 32 secondary schools (ESO) (1,600 students)

Content Led CLIL BEPS: Secondary level (ESO) : Minimum 7 hours of Basque-led and English led

content instruction College level (Bachillerato) : mínimum 25% of curriculum taught

through Basque and 25% taught through English

Windows on CLIL: Spain (2004)

Evaluation and/or results of Bilingual Education in the region/country

Extensive research done on Basque-Spanish normalisation/heritage programmes

Recent research on Spanish-English-Basque Secondary Programmes:

http://www.hezkuntza.ejgv.euskadi.net/r43-573/es/contenidos/informacion/dig_publicaciones_innovacion/es_lenguas/adjuntos/500006c_Pub_EJ_trilinguismo_BH_c.pdf