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PHIVOLCS DOST
MARITON V. BORNASMARITON V. BORNASPhilippine Institute of Volcanology & Seismology (PHIVOLCS)Philippine Institute of Volcanology & Seismology (PHIVOLCS)
Department of Science & Technology (DOST)Department of Science & Technology (DOST)
UNDERSTANDING UNDERSTANDING
VOLCANOES & VOLCANOES &
VOLCANIC HAZARDSVOLCANIC HAZARDS
PHIVOLCS DOST
What is a What is a VOLCANOVOLCANO??
�� a vent, hill or mountain from w/c molten or hot rocks w/ a vent, hill or mountain from w/c molten or hot rocks w/
gaseous material are ejectedgaseous material are ejected
�� also craters, hills or mountains formed by removal of prealso craters, hills or mountains formed by removal of pre--
existing material or by accumulation of ejected materialsexisting material or by accumulation of ejected materials
PHIVOLCS DOST
1965 Taal Volcano eruption explosion 1965 Taal Volcano eruption explosion
crater (1.5 X 0.3 km wide) & cinder cone / crater (1.5 X 0.3 km wide) & cinder cone /
tuff ring (68.5 m high, 170 mtuff ring (68.5 m high, 170 m--wide rim)wide rim)
PHIVOLCS DOST
Where do Volcanoes Form?Where do Volcanoes Form?
ContinentalContinental
ArcArc
MagmaMagma
HotspotHotspotMidMid--OceanicOceanic
RidgesRidges
IslandIsland
ArcArcRiftRift
ZonesZones
PHIVOLCS DOST
Why do we have VOLCANISM?Why do we have VOLCANISM?HEAT WITHIN EARTHHEAT WITHIN EARTH’’S INTERIOR DUE TO:S INTERIOR DUE TO:
1.1.LONGLONG--LIVED RADIOACTIVITYLIVED RADIOACTIVITY
��235235U, U, 238238U, U, 232232Th, Th, 4040KK
2.2.ACCRETIONARY HEATINGACCRETIONARY HEATING
��Billions of years of impacting bodies (meteors, comets) Billions of years of impacting bodies (meteors, comets)
that imparted kinetic energy, converted into frictional that imparted kinetic energy, converted into frictional
heating w/in the earth heating w/in the earth
3.3.CORE FORMATIONCORE FORMATION
��release of potential energy as the core sinksrelease of potential energy as the core sinks
4.4.TIDAL HEATINGTIDAL HEATING
��Moon raises 11 cms/year of Moon raises 11 cms/year of ““tidestides”” in the mantle in the mantle
equivalent to ~ 3.0x1019 J/yr; similar heating in IOequivalent to ~ 3.0x1019 J/yr; similar heating in IO
PHIVOLCS DOST
Classification of Volcanoes (PHIVOLCS)Classification of Volcanoes (PHIVOLCS)
ACTIVE:ACTIVE:
��erupted w/in historical times (last 600 yrs); has historical erupted w/in historical times (last 600 yrs); has historical
traditional accounts, written or oraltraditional accounts, written or oral
��erupted w/in geological times (erupted w/in geological times (≤≤10,000 yrs)10,000 yrs)
POTENTIALLY ACTIVE POTENTIALLY ACTIVE
��landform is younglandform is young--looking but w/ no records of eruptionlooking but w/ no records of eruption
INACTIVEINACTIVE
��no recorded eruptionsno recorded eruptions
��longlong--period inactivity is evident from too much weathering period inactivity is evident from too much weathering
& erosion of deep & long gullies (valleys)& erosion of deep & long gullies (valleys)
PHIVOLCS DOST
Active, Inactive & Active, Inactive &
Potentially Active Potentially Active
Volcanoes of the Volcanoes of the
PhilippinesPhilippines
Setting: Island ArcSetting: Island Arc
�� 300 volcanoes300 volcanoes
�� 22 considered active22 considered active
PHIVOLCS DOST
Active Volcanoes in the PhilippinesName No. of
Eruptions Date of Last Eruption
LAT/LONG Location
Mayon � 49 2006 13° 15.4'/123° 41.1' Albay, Bicol Region, Luzon
Taal � 33 1977 14° 00'/121° 00' Batangas, Luzon
Canlaon � 22 1996 10° 24.7/123° 7.9' Negros Occidental, Visayas
Bulusan � 14 2006 12° 47'/124° 03' Sorsogon, Bicol Region, Luzon
Ragang 9 1915 7° 41.5/124° 30.3' Bukidnon, Mindanao Smith 6 1924 19° 32.5/121° 55' Cagayan, Northern Luzon
Hibok-Hibok � 8 1949-1953 9° 12.2/124° 40.4 Camiguin Island, Mindanao
Didicas 6 1978 19° 05'/122° 12' Cagayan, Northern Luzon
Pinatubo � 3 1991 & 1992 15° 08'/120° 21' Pampanga, Zambales & Tarlac, Luzon
Babuyan Claro 3 ?1913 19° 31.5'/121° 57' Cagayan, Northern Luzon Bud Dajo 2 1897 5° 59'/121° 13' Sulu, Mindanao Camiguin de Babuyanes 1 1857 18° 50'/121° 52' Cagayan, Northern Luzon Cagua 1 1860 18° 13'/122° 07' Cagayan, Northern Luzon
Banahao � 1 ?1730 14° 04'/121° 29' Laguna & Quezon Province, Luzon
Calayo (Musuan) 1 1866 7° 52'/125° 4.4' Bukidnon, Mindanao Iraya 1 1464 20° 29'/122° 01' Batanes Island, Northern Luzon Iriga 1 ?1628 13° 28'/123° 28' Camarines Sur, Bicol Region,
Luzon Biliran ? ?1939 11° 37'/124° 30' Leyte, Visayas
Matutum � 1 ?1911 6° 22'/124° 04' South Cotabato, Mindanao
Parker � 1 1641 6° 6.8'/124° 53.5' South Cotabato, Mindanao
Makaturing ? ?? 7° 38.5'/124° 19' Lanao, Mindanao Leonard 1 1,800 Bp 7° 4.5'/126° 4' Davao, Mindanao
� Monitored active volcano
PHIVOLCS DOST
FORMS OF VOLCANOES FORMS OF VOLCANOES
Controlled mainly by magma compositionControlled mainly by magma composition
High SiOHigh SiO22 (SILICIC)(SILICIC)Low SiOLow SiO22 (BASALTIC)(BASALTIC)
EXPLOSIVEEXPLOSIVEEFFUSIVEEFFUSIVE
Intermediate SiOIntermediate SiO22
(ANDESITIC)(ANDESITIC)
PHIVOLCS DOST
GeochemicalGeochemical--Rheological GuideRheological Guide
PHIVOLCS DOST
��Low, symmetrical accumulations of scoria (cinder)/ ashLow, symmetrical accumulations of scoria (cinder)/ ash
��Typically low SiOTypically low SiO22 (Basaltic) magma(Basaltic) magma
��OneOne--shot volcanoes! Usually related to bigger onesshot volcanoes! Usually related to bigger ones
Volcano Type: MONOGENETIC CONESVolcano Type: MONOGENETIC CONES
(Tuff/cinder cones, tuff rings, maars)(Tuff/cinder cones, tuff rings, maars)
1943 1943
Paricutin Paricutin
eruption, eruption,
MexicoMexico
LigLigññon Hillon Hill
PHIVOLCS DOST
Volcano Type: MONOGENETIC CONESVolcano Type: MONOGENETIC CONES
(Tuff/cinder cones, tuff rings, maars)(Tuff/cinder cones, tuff rings, maars)
Alligator LakeAlligator Lake
PHIVOLCS DOST
��MoundMound--shaped or convex volcanoesshaped or convex volcanoes
��Formed by repeated, slow lava extrusion; dome complexesFormed by repeated, slow lava extrusion; dome complexes
��All types of magma (lowAll types of magma (low--high SiOhigh SiO22))
��E.g. HibokE.g. Hibok--Hibok & Vulcan, Camiguin; Mt. Unzen, JapanHibok & Vulcan, Camiguin; Mt. Unzen, Japan
Hibok-Hibok & the 1871 dome Vulcan, Camiguin
Volcano Type: VOLCANIC DOMESVolcano Type: VOLCANIC DOMES
PHIVOLCS DOST
Volcano Type: VOLCANIC DOMESVolcano Type: VOLCANIC DOMES
��High silica domes are capable of High silica domes are capable of
explosive eruption!explosive eruption!
Unzen VolcanoUnzen Volcano Soufriere Hills, MontserratSoufriere Hills, Montserrat
PHIVOLCS DOST
�� ConeCone--shaped, with summit crater; may have multiple cratersshaped, with summit crater; may have multiple craters
�� Formed by repeated, alternating deposits of pyroclastics & lava Formed by repeated, alternating deposits of pyroclastics & lava flowflow
�� Intermediate SiOIntermediate SiO22 (Andesitic)(Andesitic)
�� E.g. Mayon, Albay; Matutum, So. Cotabato; Mt. Fuji, JapanE.g. Mayon, Albay; Matutum, So. Cotabato; Mt. Fuji, Japan
Volcano Type: STRATOVOLCANOESVolcano Type: STRATOVOLCANOES
Mayon VolcanoMayon Volcano
Bulusan VolcanoBulusan Volcano
PHIVOLCS DOST
��GentleGentle--sloped but large diameter volcanoessloped but large diameter volcanoes
��Typically island volcanoes, partially submergedTypically island volcanoes, partially submerged
��Formed by frequent, longFormed by frequent, long--period (can last for years!) lava eruptions in rift period (can last for years!) lava eruptions in rift
zones, mantle hotspotszones, mantle hotspots
��LowLow--high SiOhigh SiO2 2 (basaltic) magma(basaltic) magma
��E.g. Kilauea, Mauna Loa, PuE.g. Kilauea, Mauna Loa, Pu’’u Ou O’’o, Hawaii; Mt. Etna, Italyo, Hawaii; Mt. Etna, Italy
Mauna Loa, the worldMauna Loa, the world’’s s
largest volcanolargest volcano
Volcano Type: SHIELD VOLCANOESVolcano Type: SHIELD VOLCANOES
PHIVOLCS DOST
��Large; may have several volcanic centers in & around a crater >2Large; may have several volcanic centers in & around a crater >2 km diamkm diam
��Formed by long periods of explosive activity (intermediate lowFormed by long periods of explosive activity (intermediate low--key volcanic key volcanic
activity)activity)
��High SiOHigh SiO22 (Silicic) magma(Silicic) magma
��E.g. Pinatubo; Parker; Krakatau, IndonesiaE.g. Pinatubo; Parker; Krakatau, Indonesia
��Can cause major climate changes, crash of civilizations!Can cause major climate changes, crash of civilizations!
Volcano Type: CalderaVolcano Type: Caldera
Aniakchiak Caldera, AlaskaAniakchiak Caldera, AlaskaPinatubo Caldera, LuzonPinatubo Caldera, Luzon
PHIVOLCS DOST
Volcano Type: CalderaVolcano Type: Caldera
Crater Lake, OregonCrater Lake, Oregon
PHIVOLCS DOST
Santorini, Greece: 1500 Santorini, Greece: 1500
B.C. eruption is believed to B.C. eruption is believed to
have caused the death of have caused the death of
the Minoan Civilization in the Minoan Civilization in
the island of Cretethe island of Crete
Type of Volcano: CalderaType of Volcano: Caldera
PHIVOLCS DOST
STYLES OF VOLCANIC STYLES OF VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONERUPTIONControlled mainly by magma composition (silica content) & Controlled mainly by magma composition (silica content) &
volatile (gas) contentvolatile (gas) content
High SiOHigh SiO22 (SILICIC)(SILICIC)Low SiOLow SiO22 (BASALTIC)(BASALTIC)
EXPLOSIVEEXPLOSIVEEFFUSIVEEFFUSIVE
Intermediate SiOIntermediate SiO22
(ANDESITIC)(ANDESITIC)
PHIVOLCS DOST
��SteamSteam--driven eruptions caused by contact driven eruptions caused by contact
of groundwater w/ hot country rocks (no of groundwater w/ hot country rocks (no
magma involved)magma involved)
��Usually precursory to magmatic eruptionsUsually precursory to magmatic eruptions
��Short ash columns, ashfallShort ash columns, ashfall
1984 Phreatic 1984 Phreatic
event at Mayon event at Mayon
1976 Phreatic eruption at Taal 1976 Phreatic eruption at Taal
Type of Volcanic Eruption: PHREATIC Type of Volcanic Eruption: PHREATIC
PHIVOLCS DOST
2000 Phreatic eruption, Mt. Usu2000 Phreatic eruption, Mt. Usu
Type of Volcanic Eruption: PHREATIC Type of Volcanic Eruption: PHREATIC
PHIVOLCS DOST
1966 Taal Volcano 1966 Taal Volcano
phreatomagmatic phasephreatomagmatic phase
��Very violent eruption Very violent eruption
generated by the explosive generated by the explosive
contact of erupting magma with contact of erupting magma with
waterwater
��Voluminous, slightly tall ash Voluminous, slightly tall ash
columns, laterallycolumns, laterally--projected projected
pyroclastic currents (base pyroclastic currents (base
surges) & blastssurges) & blasts
Type of Eruption:Type of Eruption:
PHREATOMAGMATICPHREATOMAGMATIC
PHIVOLCS DOST
��Weak to violent eruption of gasWeak to violent eruption of gas--
charged fluid magma characterized by charged fluid magma characterized by
lava fountaining & flowing lava fountaining & flowing
��Lava flowsLava flows
Type of Eruption: HAWAIIANType of Eruption: HAWAIIAN--STROMBOLIANSTROMBOLIAN
Ongoing eruption at Stromboli, ItalyOngoing eruption at Stromboli, Italy
2000 Mayon eruption2000 Mayon eruption
Strombolian phaseStrombolian phase
PHIVOLCS DOST1969 Mt. Tabaro (Taal Volcano) Eruption1969 Mt. Tabaro (Taal Volcano) Eruption
PHIVOLCS DOST
��CanonCanon--like explosions produced by the detonation of a solidified like explosions produced by the detonation of a solidified
magma plug in the vent by gas accumulated beneath itmagma plug in the vent by gas accumulated beneath it
��Ca. 20 km tall eruption columns; pyroclastic flows, ashfallCa. 20 km tall eruption columns; pyroclastic flows, ashfall
Vulcanian Phase Mayon 2000 eruption
Type of Eruption: VULCANIANType of Eruption: VULCANIAN
1997 1997
Soufriere Soufriere
Hills Hills
Eruption, Eruption,
MontserratMontserrat
PHIVOLCS DOST
��Very explosive, energetic Very explosive, energetic
release of voluminous release of voluminous
magmatic gas, fragmented magmatic gas, fragmented
magma w/c propel w/ great magma w/c propel w/ great
force high in the air, forming force high in the air, forming
huge mushroom cloudshuge mushroom clouds
��Tall eruption column >40 km Tall eruption column >40 km
high, penetrating stratospherehigh, penetrating stratosphere
��WellWell--defined umbrella clouddefined umbrella cloud
��Extensive ashfallExtensive ashfall
��Pyroclastic flowsPyroclastic flows
��Large volcanic calderasLarge volcanic calderas
Type of Eruption: Type of Eruption:
PLINIANPLINIAN
PHIVOLCS DOST
VOLCANIC HAZARDSVOLCANIC HAZARDS
VolcanoVolcano--related phenomena/ processes that pose related phenomena/ processes that pose
potential threat or cause negative impact to man, property potential threat or cause negative impact to man, property
& the environment, in a given period of time.& the environment, in a given period of time.
PHIVOLCS DOST
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
��LAVA FLOWSLAVA FLOWS
��PYROCLASTIC PYROCLASTIC
FLOWS & SURGESFLOWS & SURGES
��ASHFALL OR ASHFALL OR
TEPHRA FALLTEPHRA FALL
��LAHARSLAHARS
��VOLCANIC VOLCANIC
GASESGASES
��FISSURINGFISSURING
��TSUNAMISTSUNAMIS
��DEBRIS AVALANCHE/SECTOR COLLAPSEDEBRIS AVALANCHE/SECTOR COLLAPSE
PHIVOLCS DOST
��Gravitational settling of Gravitational settling of
volcanic ash & fragments from volcanic ash & fragments from
the umbrella clouds of tall the umbrella clouds of tall
eruption columns & ashclouds eruption columns & ashclouds
of pyroclastic flowsof pyroclastic flows
��Dispersal depends on Dispersal depends on
prevalent wind directions, prevalent wind directions,
column heightscolumn heights
Pinatubo, Philippines, 1991
Volcanic Hazard:Volcanic Hazard:
ASHFALL or ASHFALL or
TEPHRA FALLTEPHRA FALL
PHIVOLCS DOST
Impacts of AshfallImpacts of Ashfall
��Results to widespread Results to widespread
infrastructural damages infrastructural damages
when thickwhen thick
��Monitored worldwide by Monitored worldwide by
aviation agencies because aviation agencies because
ashfall can cause potential ashfall can cause potential
jet engine failure to all jet engine failure to all
types of aircrafttypes of aircraft
Pinatubo, Philippines, 1991Pinatubo, Philippines, 1991
PHIVOLCS DOST
Impacts of AshfallImpacts of Ashfall
Buildings destroyed by ballistic mudballs from the 2000 Mt. Usu Eruption
PHIVOLCS DOST
��Incandescent rivers of hot molten Incandescent rivers of hot molten
rock (lava)rock (lava)
��Erupted from volcanic craters, Erupted from volcanic craters,
fissures, during Hawaiianfissures, during Hawaiian--
Strombolian activity, lava dome Strombolian activity, lava dome
eruptionseruptions
��Usually slowUsually slow--moving for moving for
moderatemoderate--high SiOhigh SiO22 magma; fastmagma; fast--
moving for low SiOmoving for low SiO22 magma (e.g. magma (e.g.
Hawaii lavas)Hawaii lavas)
From USGSFrom USGS
Kilauea lava flowKilauea lava flow
Low Low SiOSiO22 �������� Pahoehoe (Ropy) LavaPahoehoe (Ropy) Lava
Volcanic Hazard:Volcanic Hazard:
LAVA FLOWLAVA FLOW
PHIVOLCS DOST
1969 Taal Volcano (Mt. Tabaro) Lava Flow Field1969 Taal Volcano (Mt. Tabaro) Lava Flow Field
Low Low SiOSiO22 �������� Aa (Spiky) LavaAa (Spiky) Lava
PHIVOLCS DOST
1993 Mayon lava flow1993 Mayon lava flow
Intermediate Intermediate SiOSiO22 �������� Blocky LavaBlocky Lava
PHIVOLCS DOST
1993 Mayon lava flow1993 Mayon lava flow
Intermediate Intermediate SiOSiO22 �������� Blocky LavaBlocky Lava
PHIVOLCS DOST
Impacts of Lava FlowImpacts of Lava Flow
From USGSFrom USGS
��Main hazard of burial, generation of deadlier pyroclastic flowsMain hazard of burial, generation of deadlier pyroclastic flows
��Results in long term disuse of buried land!Results in long term disuse of buried land!
PHIVOLCS DOST
��Turbulent mass of ejected Turbulent mass of ejected
fragmented volcanic materials (ash & fragmented volcanic materials (ash &
rocks) + hot gases that flow downslope rocks) + hot gases that flow downslope
at very high speeds (> 60 kph)at very high speeds (> 60 kph)
��Deadliest of all volcanic hazardsDeadliest of all volcanic hazards
Volcanic Hazard:Volcanic Hazard:
PYROCLASTIC FLOWS & SURGESPYROCLASTIC FLOWS & SURGES
PHIVOLCS DOST
��Collapse and fallback from tall eruption eruption columns (ST. Collapse and fallback from tall eruption eruption columns (ST.
VINCENTVINCENT--TYPE)TYPE)
��Gravitational collapse/ nonGravitational collapse/ non--explosive avalanching of material from explosive avalanching of material from
domes, lava flows (MERAPIdomes, lava flows (MERAPI--TYPE)TYPE)
��Explosions during or after the ascent of lava domes (PLEEANExplosions during or after the ascent of lava domes (PLEEAN--TYPE)TYPE)
��Voluminous silicic magma eruption leading to caldera collapse Voluminous silicic magma eruption leading to caldera collapse
(KRAKATOAN(KRAKATOAN--TYPE)TYPE)
��Voluminous silicic magma eruption from fissure or fault systems Voluminous silicic magma eruption from fissure or fault systems (VTTS(VTTS--
or VALLESor VALLES--TYPE)TYPE)
Origins of pyroclastic flows & surges:Origins of pyroclastic flows & surges:
PHIVOLCS DOST
��Burning & incineration of everything in the flow pathBurning & incineration of everything in the flow path
��Filling of river valleys w/ pyroclastic flow depositsFilling of river valleys w/ pyroclastic flow deposits
Impacts of Pyroclastic Flows & Surges:Impacts of Pyroclastic Flows & Surges:
RidgeRidge
RidgeRidge
PHIVOLCS DOST
HibokHibok--hibok Volcano, hibok Volcano,
Camiguin Island, December Camiguin Island, December
1951: 500 deaths from 1951: 500 deaths from
pyroclastic flowspyroclastic flows
Impacts of Pyroclastic Impacts of Pyroclastic
Flows & Surges:Flows & Surges:
PHIVOLCS DOST
1911 Taal Volcano eruption: 300 deaths from 1911 Taal Volcano eruption: 300 deaths from base surgebase surgess, a type of , a type of
pyroclastic surge that travels laterally outward from the base opyroclastic surge that travels laterally outward from the base of an f an
eruption column at 90eruption column at 90--500 m/s, first recognized in 1947 in explosion 500 m/s, first recognized in 1947 in explosion
mushrooms of underwater nuclear testsmushrooms of underwater nuclear tests
PHIVOLCS DOST
Volcanic Hazards:Volcanic Hazards:
LAHARSLAHARS
��Rapidly flowing thick mixture of volcanic sediments and waterRapidly flowing thick mixture of volcanic sediments and water
��Triggered by rainfall, melting of craterial icecaps, lake breakoTriggered by rainfall, melting of craterial icecaps, lake breakout or ut or
hydrothermal hydrothermal ““squeezingsqueezing””
1995 Typhoon Mameng Lahars, Bacolor, Pampanga
PHIVOLCS DOST
•• Debris flow: Debris flow: solid fraction is 60solid fraction is 60--80% by weight or >60% by volume80% by weight or >60% by volume
•• Hyperconcentrated streamflow:Hyperconcentrated streamflow: solid fraction 20solid fraction 20--60% by weight, 4060% by weight, 40--60% 60%
by volumeby volume
Two Classes of LaharsTwo Classes of Lahars
PHIVOLCS DOST
November 2006 Typhoon Reming Lahar Deposit, Brgy. Maipon, Guinobatan, Albay
PHIVOLCS DOST
Impacts of LaharsImpacts of Lahars
19911991
19921992DIZON MINESDIZON MINES
COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY
SacobiaSacobia--Bamban RiverBamban River
��BurialBurial
��Cutoff and IsolationCutoff and Isolation
��LongLong--term siltation & term siltation &
related floodingrelated flooding
PHIVOLCS DOST
Volcanic Hazard: GasesVolcanic Hazard: Gases
��Basic components of magma Basic components of magma
or lava (Hor lava (H22O, COO, CO22, CO, H, CO, H22S, FS, F22, ,
SOSO22, H, H22SOSO44, etc.), etc.)
��Mostly toxic speciesMostly toxic species
From USGSFrom USGS
From USGSFrom USGS
PHIVOLCS DOST
Bubbling of water during 1969 eruption, Taal Lake, due to Bubbling of water during 1969 eruption, Taal Lake, due to escaping gas from magma beneath the lake floorescaping gas from magma beneath the lake floor
PHIVOLCS DOST
Volcanic Hazard:Volcanic Hazard: GROUND FISSURINGGROUND FISSURING
��due to movement of magma beneath the surfacedue to movement of magma beneath the surface
��may be movement / adjustments along faultsmay be movement / adjustments along faults
�� accompanied by earthquakesaccompanied by earthquakes
1911 eruption fissure, Lemery, Batangas
PHIVOLCS DOST2000 Mt. Usu eruption fissuring
PHIVOLCS DOST
Volcanic Hazard: DEBRIS AVALANCHEVolcanic Hazard: DEBRIS AVALANCHE
��Downslope movement of largeDownslope movement of large--volume proportions of the volcanic flanks volume proportions of the volcanic flanks
due to:due to:
••movement of magma beneath the edifice (Bezymmianymovement of magma beneath the edifice (Bezymmiany--type)type)
••adjustments along faults transecting volcanoesadjustments along faults transecting volcanoes
••earthquakes (Bandaiearthquakes (Bandai--type)type)
PHIVOLCS DOST
Volcanic Hazard: DEBRIS AVALANCHEVolcanic Hazard: DEBRIS AVALANCHE
��Produces horseshoeProduces horseshoe--shaped crater, hummocky topographyshaped crater, hummocky topography
PHIVOLCS DOST
VOLCANIC HAZARDS VOLCANIC HAZARDS
MITIGATIONMITIGATION
We cannot control volcanic phenomenon, but we can We cannot control volcanic phenomenon, but we can
lessen their riskslessen their risks
PHIVOLCS DOST
Volcano MonitoringVolcano Monitoring
��Indirect measurement of the condition of the magmatic systemIndirect measurement of the condition of the magmatic system
PHIVOLCS DOST
VolcanoVolcano--Geologic MappingGeologic Mapping��Determine eruption history, eruption Determine eruption history, eruption
recurrencerecurrence
��Determine types and extents of potential Determine types and extents of potential
eruptionseruptions
��Determine eruption behaviorDetermine eruption behavior
PHIVOLCS DOST
Volcanic Hazards ModelingVolcanic Hazards Modeling��Numerically simulate the extents of volcanic flows based on geolNumerically simulate the extents of volcanic flows based on geologic dataogic data
PHIVOLCS DOST
Lahar Hazards Map, Bulusan Lahar Hazards Map, Bulusan
Volcano, based on USGS Volcano, based on USGS
modeling program LAHARZmodeling program LAHARZ
PHIVOLCS DOST
Information Dissemination & WarningInformation Dissemination & Warning
��Communicate volcano information to government/disaster officialsCommunicate volcano information to government/disaster officials for for
appropriate mitigation strategies & land useappropriate mitigation strategies & land use
��Disseminate volcano information to the public to educate them onDisseminate volcano information to the public to educate them on
appropriate crisis responseappropriate crisis response
PHIVOLCS DOST
Mitigation of Volcanic Hazards in the Mitigation of Volcanic Hazards in the CommunityCommunity
��Determine which areas (schools, communities) should be Determine which areas (schools, communities) should be
evacuated & avoided during eruptions evacuated & avoided during eruptions
��Determine safe routes & sites for evacuationDetermine safe routes & sites for evacuation
��Plan locations of settlements, schoolsPlan locations of settlements, schools
��Conduct evacuation drillsConduct evacuation drills
PHIVOLCS DOST
Mitigation of Volcanic Hazards in the Mitigation of Volcanic Hazards in the CommunityCommunity
��Observance of Observance of
PERMANENT PERMANENT
DANGER ZONES DANGER ZONES
(PDZ)(PDZ)
PHIVOLCS DOST
��Educating the community on eruption responseEducating the community on eruption response
PHIVOLCS DOST
THANK YOU FOR YOUR THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTIONATTENTION☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺