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G.C.E. O/L Science
Sudarshana Elapatha Biology Grade 10
Photosynthetic autotrophsObtain inorganic materials from the external environment and process them into the organic compounds needed for lifeCells secrete a cell wall exterior to the plasma membrane
Tissue Tissue A group of similar structured cells which are specialized to certain function is known as a tissue
Sudarshana Elapatha Biology Grade 10
Sudarshana Elapatha Biology Grade 10
Responsible for increase in number of cellsMeristems do no t specializePlant tissues are derived from the meristems three types:
Apical meristems Lateral meristems Intercalary meristems
Apical Meristems Shoot tip meristems
Root tip meristems
Sudarshana Elapatha Biology Grade 10
Lateral Meristems
Sudarshana Elapatha Biology Grade 10
Plants without vascular cambium (grasses)
Growth regions that occur at the base of nodes
Primary growthIncreased length of plants
apical meristemSecondary growthIncreased plant girth or circumference of the plant
lateral meristemVascular cambium- between wood and barkCork cambium- found in the outer bark
Select plants only (woody plants such as dicot and gymnosperms)
Product: wood and cork
Sudarshana Elapatha Biology Grade 10
Sudarshana Elapatha Biology Grade 10
Sudarshana Elapatha Biology Grade 10
Root cap protects the delicate meristems as the root elongates through the abrasive soilsecretes mucous that lubricates the soil
3 Zones of cells at successive stationZone of cell divisionZone of cell elongationZone of cell differentiation
Have living cells A simple tissue composed of spherical-shaped cellsHave thin primary walls The cell wall is made up of cellulose Intercellular air spaces are present
Functions: Photosynthesis Storage (starch, oil droplets, air, water, and
salts) Wound healing & regeneration
most common type of tissue
Sudarshana Elapatha Biology Grade 10
Sudarshana Elapatha Biology Grade 10
Have living cells A simple tissue composed of polygonal -shaped cellsHave unevenly thickened cell walls especially in the corners The cell wall is made up of cellulose Intercellular air spaces are not presentA simple tissue found beneath the epidermis in young stemsProvides a flexible support (like our skeletal system).
Sudarshana Elapatha Biology Grade 10
Sudarshana Elapatha Biology Grade 10
Cells are often deadHave both primary and secondary cell walls.secondary cell wall is made up of lignin.No intercellular spaces A simple tissue specialized for structural support Two types:
Fibers Sclereids
Long, tapered cellsFound in leaves & stems.Primary function is support
Short, cells common in shells of nuts and pits of fruits (peaches, cherries)Found in all plant parts, usually clustered.Primary function is for protection
Sudarshana Elapatha Biology Grade 10
Vascular Tissue System
Functions: conduct water and solutes support and strength of the plantTypes of vascular tissues
Xylem- conducts water and mineralsPhloem- conducts solutes/foodContinues throughout the plant
Sudarshana Elapatha Biology Grade 10
Conduction of H2O from roots to leavesMade up the wood
Composed of:Composed of: Vessel Elements Tracheid Xylem fibers Xylem parenchyma
Vessel elements are typically
found in angiosperms
and aid in transporting
water.
Features Cells are not alive Cells are long and cylindricalCell walls are lignified The cell walls are thickened and impregnated with lignin
Lignin make the cell wall strong and impermeable
Sudarshana Elapatha Biology Grade 10
lignifications of xylem cellslignifications of xylem cells
Sudarshana Elapatha Biology Grade 10
Annular Annular
Spiral Spiral
ScalariformScalariform
ReticulateReticulate
Pitted Pitted
Tracheids are typically found in gymnosperms and
seedless vascular plants and aid in transporting water.
Features Cells are not alive
Elongated , narrow cells with secondary cell walls The cell walls are thickened and
impregnated with lignin
Simple pits appear in the cell walls
Sudarshana Elapatha Biology Grade 10
Sudarshana Elapatha Biology Grade 10
Moves solutes (especially carbs)
Composed of
Sieve tube cellsSieve tube cellsPhloem fibersPhloem parenchyma
Sieve tube cells Elongated cells forming
tubes End walls have pores
forming sieve plates Alive at functional maturity Carry food
Sudarshana Elapatha Biology Grade 10
Companion cellsParenchyma cells adjoining the sieve tube cells
Sudarshana Elapatha Biology Grade 10
Sieve tube members can secrete a protein called callose to plug sieve plates to stop the flow of food if the phloem is damaged
Sudarshana Elapatha Biology Grade 10
Dermal Tissues
ProtectionPrevents dessication
Epidermis ( Herbaceous plants )
Periderm or cork layer (woody plants)
Produced from cork cambium Secondary epidermis or periderm of woody plants
EpidermisOuter layer of the plant bodyCells are closely packed Most of cells have NO ChloroplastsHave a CuticlePoses stomata Composed of two types cells
Parenchyma cellsGuard cells
Sudarshana Elapatha Biology Grade 10
CuticleCuticle (protective waxy layer)prevents desiccation (remove water) and invasion of pathogens ,
Sudarshana Elapatha Biology Grade 10
StomataStomata Controls the gas exchange
Root hairs Root hairs
Controls the absorption of water
Guard cells form the tiny opening called the stomata
Woody plants initially produce an epidermis that splits as the plant grows.
These plants also have periderm, which is several cells thick and forms under the epidermis.Periderm composes the outer barkComposed of two types of cells
Cork cells- secrete suberinCork parenchyma
Epidermal modificationsEpidermal modificationsHairs of trichome
reduce transpiration Root hairs
absorption of waterGuard cells form stomata for gas exchange
Sudarshana Elapatha Biology Grade 10
Sudarshana Elapatha Biology Grade 10