The Twentieth Century

Da da daaaaaaaaa!!!

1933 Hitler becomes the German Chancellor

1937 The Japanese invasion of China

1939 The outbreak of World War II

1942 Nuclear chain reaction produced in Chicago by Enrico Fermi

1944 The production of the first digital computer

1945 End of World War II

1947 India and Pakistan become independent republics

1956 Soviet forces crush the uprising in Hungary

1957 The Treaty of Rome establishes the European Economic Community

1966 The Cultural Revolution begins in China

Chronology

Leading Characteristics of 20th c.● Greatest revolution in the history of Western painting● Artists broke away from the traditional and set unprecedented

aims Representing the subconscious Metaphysical Speed Violent emotions

● Development of Abstract Art form, line and colour used independent of a subject

● A lot of experimental work● Movements were formed – disbanded and reformed in rapid

succession● Much interchange of ideas as artists moved from group to

group● Manifestos were often written

Some popular movements included

• Modernism

• Fauvism

• Symbolism

• Cubism

• Futurism

• Dadism

• Neo-Plasticism

• Expressionism

• Surrealism Abstract art

• Abstract-Expressionism

• Op Art

• Pop Art

Art Nouveau1895 – 1920’s

Archibald Knox

Claret jug, 1900–1901

Charles Rennie Mackintosh

Washstand, 1904

Alphonse Mucha

Gustav Klimt The Kiss, 1907

France

● Still the top city in the art world● Opens with Fauvists led by Henri Matisse● Cubists led by Pablo Picasso and Georges

Braque● School of Paris

Henri RousseauThe Merry Jesters, 1906

School of Paris• 1900- 1940

• Conventional subjects:– portraiture– figure studies– landscapes– Cityscapes– still lifes

• French Artists at the time included:– Henri Matisse– André Derain– Pierre Bonnard– Jean Dubuffet– Henri Rousseau

• Picasso leading figure• Huge wave if international

artists including:– Giorgio de Chirico – Joan Miró – Amedeo Modigliani – Constantin Brancusi– Marc Chagall

Marc Chagall The Betrothed, 1911

The Marketplace, Vitebsk, 1917

Amedeo ModiglianiBeatrice Hastings Assise,

1915

Constantin Brancusi,

Madamoiselle

Amedeo Modigliani Reclining Nude, 1917

ExpressionismLate 19th C

‘ Expressionism, to my way of thinking, does not consist of the passion mirrored upon a human face or betrayed by a violent gesture. The whole arrangement of my picture is expressive. The place occupied by the figures or objects, the empty spaces around them, the proportions – everything plays a part’

Matisse

"An Expressionist wishes, above all, to express himself....[An Expressionist rejects] immediate perception and builds on more complex psychic structures....Impressions and mental images that pass through mental peoples soul as through a filter which rids them of all substantial accretions to produce their clear essence [...and] are assimilated and condense into more general forms, into types, which he transcribes through simple short-hand formulae and symbols." (Gordon, 1987)

Antonin Matijcek

Expressionism

• Main artists– Emil Nolde– Max Beckmann– Carl Hofer– August Macke– Edvard Munch – Egon Schiele– Wassily Kandinsky

• Characteristics of their work:– representational– Distorted figures and objects to

express the emotion – Employment of black outlines– Sharp angular form– Clashing colours– Paint application expressive

• Characteristics of their movement– Only acceptable aim of art is to

represent emotions and feelings– All elements of a painting pushed

to this purpose

Edvard MunchThe Scream, 1893

Edvard MunchMadonna, 1893

Wassily KandinskyCouple Riding a Horse 1907

Frank Lloyd Wright

Side chair, ca. 1904

Pavel Janák

Coffeepot, ca. 1912

Theo Van DoesburgVetrata Konpositie V in Lood,

1918

De Stijl

Bauhaus1919

Walter Gropius Mies van der Rohe

Paul KleeWassily Kandinsky

Josef Albers

Wassily Kandinsky

Ship and Red Sun, 1925

Paul Klee

Moonshine, 1919

Josef Albers

Yellow Climate, Homage to the Square

SurrealismLate 1910’s

Main Artists• Max Ernst • André Masson • Joan Miró • Man Ray• Giorgio de Chirico • Pablo Picasso• Marcel Duchamp• Rene Magritte• Salvador Dali

Characteristics of their work:– Realistic objects out of context – Fantasy, dreamlike worlds

Characteristics of their movement• Began as literary movement

with French poets experimenting with automatic writing (Breton)

• Influenced by Sigmund Freud's Theories and dream studies

• Karl Marx political idea• Look at subconscious for

inspiration

Marcel Duchamp

Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass) (1915–23

Joan Miró

The Potato, 1928

Pablo Picasso

Nude Standing

by the Sea, 1929

Giorgio de ChiricoThe Song of Love, 1914

Rene MargritteUntitled, 1926

Salvador DaliAn Average Atmospherocephalic, 1933

The Enigma of Desire, 1929

Egon SchieleLiegender Halbakt mit Rolem, 1910

New York School

Mark Rothko

Tamara De Lempicka

La Dormeuse c. 1928

Norman Rockwell

“It is not the function of art to wallow in dirt for dirt’s sake, never its task to paint the state of decomposition, to

draw cretins as the symbol of motherhood, to picture hunchbacked

idiots as representatives of manly strength.”

Ziegler, The Elements,1936.

Oil on canvas.

Emile NoldeThe Last Supper

Nolde, Oriental Poppies, date unknown.

Watercolor, 13 1/4 by 18 1/2 inches.

Max Beckman

The Night 1918

John Couteu

Lowery 1948

Jackson Pollock (American, 1912–1956)

War, 1947