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INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCHCHAPTER 1
Objectives• Describe what research is and how it is defined• Distinguish between applied and basic research, giving
examples, and discussing why they fall into one or the other of the two categories
• Explain why managers should know about research• Discuss what managers should or should not do in
order to interact most effectively with researchers• Identify and fully discuss specific situations in which a
manager would be better off using an internal research team, and when an external research team would be more advisable, giving reasons for the decision
Definition - Research
A Process• Formal, systematic, intensive process of scientific
method • Careful inquiry or examination• Systematic, controlled, empirical and critical
investigation • Unusually stubborn and persisting effort to think straight
(“Research without important ideas is busy work”)• The process of finding solutions to a problem after a
thorough study and analysis of the situational factors.
Definition – Research
Aims of Research • Discover new information or relationships; to expand
and to verify existing knowledge • Gathers new knowledge; discovery of general principles• Provide new knowledge• Investigation of hypothetical propositions about the
presumed relations among natural phenomena. End sought by science (research) is theory
• To solve problems and for decision making purposes (business research)
Definition – Research
Aims of Research • Gage:
- Increase our power to understand, predict, control outcomes
- Predict an event by relating it empirically to antecedents in time
- Control an event by manipulating the independent variables to which it is functionally related
Definition – Research
How of research • Define the problem areas• Identify specifically the problems which need to be
studied and resolved• Gather information, analyze data and determine the
factors associated with the problem• Solve the problem by taking the necessary corrective
measures
Definition – Business Research
Business research as an
“organized, systematic, data-based, critical, objective, scientific inquiry or investigation into a specific problem”,
undertaken with the
“purpose of find answers or solutions.”
Definition – Business Research
Quantitative Research
“structured questions usually questionnaires based on certain scale and analyzed statistically”
Qualitative Research
“open ended questions in a questionnaire, interviews, observation, or information gathered from various sources.”
Definition – Business Research
Basic Research, Fundamental or Pure Research
“for the purpose of contributing to existing body of knowledge”
Applied Research
“to solve a current problem.”
What are some typical examples of research areas?In Accounting?
In Finance?
In Management
In Marketing?
Managers & Research• Identify and effectively solve minor problems in the work
setting• Know how to discriminate good from bad research• Appreciate and be constantly aware of the multiple
influences and multiple effects of factors impinging on a situation
• Take calculated risk in decision making, knowing full well the probabilities associated with the different possible outcomes
• Prevent possible vested interests from exercising their influence in a situation.
Managers & Research• Relate to hiring researchers and consultants more
effectively• Combine experience with scientific knowledge while
making decisions
Internal vs. External /Consultants Research
Discuss the advantages /disadvantages of using/hiring internal /external consultants to conduct company’s research
Ethics and Business Research
Code of conduct and societal norm of behavior • Data collection• Data analysis• Reporting• Dissemination of information on the Internet
Business Ethics
Journal of Business Ethics
Business Ethics Quartery
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONChapter 2
Objectives• Explain what is meant by scientific investigation, giving
examples of both scientific and non scientific investigations
• Explain the eight hallmarks of science• Briefly explain why research in the organizational behavior
and management areas cannot be completely scientific• Describe the building blocks of science• Discuss the seven steps of the hypothethico-deductive
method, using an example of your own• Describe the processes of induction and deduction • Appreciate the advantages of knowledge about scientific
investigation
Scientific vs. Non scientific Investigation
• Scientific Investigations – more objective rather than subjective, for effective problem solving, purposive, rigorous, state their findings with accuracy and confidence
• Non scientific research – hunches, experience, and intuition
Scientific Research • Purposiveness
definite aim or purpose• Rigor
good theoretical base and a carefully thought-out methodology, carefulness, scrupulousness and the degree of exactitude in research investigations
• Testability
Testing logically developed hypotheses / the data support the educated conjectures or hypotheses that are developed.
• ReplicabilityCan be repeated with the same results
Scientific Research • Precision
Closeness of findings to “reality” based on a sample• Confidence
Probability that our estimations are correct• Objectivity
Based on the facts of findings derived from actual data /not subjective emotional values
• GeneralizabilityScope of applicability of the research findings in one organizational setting to other organizational settung
Scientific Research • Parsimony
The most relevant, manageable factors should be considered when conducting research
The hypothetical-deductive method
• Identify a broad problem area• Define the problem statement• Develop hypotheses• Determine measures• Data collection• Data analysis• Interpretation of data
Review of the hypothetical-deductive method
• Deductive reasoning- general to specific
• Inductive reasoning
- specific to general conclusion
Other types of research • Case studies
- Purpose is to explore and to describe, for problem solving purposes
- Usually qualitative rather than quantitative, analysis of documented case studies, interviews, observation
• Action research
- Immediate application type of research to solve current problems