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SUNFLOWERYaseen
Helianthus annus L.
FAMILY: COMPOSITAE
URDU: SURAJ MUKHI
GREEK WORDS
HELI: SUN
ANTHOS: FLOWER
SUNFLOWER
ANNUAL
DAY NEUTRAL
DETERMINATE
CROSS POLLINATED
SUNFLOWER
TOP COUNTRIES
COUNTRY PRODUCTION (Tones)
UKRAINE 6,771,500
RUSSIAN FEDERATION 5,344,820
ARGENTINA 2,232,030
CHINA 1,710,000
FRANCE 1,633,110
PRODUCTION
PAKISTAN 2010
Area 256,121 ha
Production 325,478 tones
Yield 1.27 t ha-1
18th in world production
ORIGIN
South western united states or Mexico
Introduced to Europe in 16th century
Imported to Russian from Holland in 18th century
Improved varieties reintroduced to USA in 1893
First introduced to Pakistan in 1860 as oilseed crop
Extensive research work started in 1964
IMPORTANCE
Edible oil (40 % oil)
Seed cake
Cookies
Roasted seed
IMPORTANCE
Vitamin A, D & K
Biodiesel
Margarine, Butter
Shampoo
CLIMATE
Temperate zone crop
20 - 25 °C optimum temperature
Can tolerate 8-34 °C
Frost free period of 120 days
1500 m altitude
40 °S & 55 °N
SOIL
Nearly all soils
Clayey & sandy
Well drained
Acidic soils are not desirable
pH 6.5-8.0
Salinity affects germination, growth, development &
seed composition
ROOT
Shallow root system
Tap root deeper
Overall shallow
STEM
Circular
3-6 cm diameter
Rough hair
Slight longitudinal ridges
1-3 m tall (5 m)
STEM
Branching at top
1-12 branches
Small in size
Undesirable feature
Single stemmed & single headed
(commercial cultivars)
LEAVES
Alternate
Large
Hairy
Ovate
Long petioles
20-40
INFLORESCENCE
Disc shaped head (capitulum)
10-30 cm diameter (76 cm)
1000-4000 flowers
Outer- brightly colored, sterile ligulate-
Inner- brown/prpulish, fertile disc-
Spiral whorls originating from centre of inflorescence
All florets open in 5-10 days
INFLORESCENCE Floral initiation is a complex phenomenon
Favored by short days
8 leaf stage
Cross pollinated
Honey bees
Self compatible hybrids
Heliotropic until most of flowers are fertilized (east)
SEED Mature at periphery towards centre of disc
Black to white
Striped or mottled appearance
10-25 mm long
8-15 mm wide
3-7.5 mm thick
50-100 g TSW
25-48 % oil
TILLAGE
Well developed root system
Deep Ploughing
Disc harrow or tines
Moist soil for germination
Pressing of dry soil
SOWING TIME
LOCALITY SPRING SUMMERSouth Sindh 15 Jan. – 2 Feb. 15 Jul. 30 Aug.
North Sindh February 15 Jul. 20 Aug.
BWP, MUN DIV. 25 Jan. – End Feb. 20 Jul. 15 Aug.
LHR, SGD Div. 01 Feb. – 05 Mar. 10 Jul. 15 Aug.RWP Div. (rainfed) 10 Feb. – 05 Mar. July
D. I. Khan 10 Feb. – 05 Mar. 05 Jul. 10 Aug.
KPK + mountains March 01 Jul. 15 Aug.
SEED RATENo. of seeds ha-1 = desired population ha-1 x 100
Expected germination %age
Seed weight (kg) = No. of seeds ha-1 x Area sown No. of seeds kg-1
3-8 kg ha-1
75,000 – 80,000 plants ha-1 (Irrigated)
37,000 – 50,000 plants ha-1 (Rainfed)
R-R = 70-75 cm
P-P = 25-30 cm
SOWING METHOD
KERA
PORA
COTTON DRILL
DIBBLING
Sowing depth= 3-8 cm
Low harvest index
Inefficient converter of plant nutrients
100 kg sunflower seed contains;
6 2 18 Kg N, P & K respectively
¾ of absorbed P is found in seed
Irrigated 35-45 30-35 15 (NPK) Kg ha-1
Rainfed 30-40 20-25 0 (NPK) Kg ha-1
FERTILIZER
IRRIGATION Drought resistant crop but
yield losses due to water stress
Spring crop
4 irrigations
15 DAG
Completion of vegetative growth
Head formation
Seed filling
IRRIGATIONSummer crop
All these stages are in cooler months
3 irrigations
25-45 DAG
Head formation
Seed filling
Both cases 1st & last irrigations are crucial
WEEDING & INTERCULTURE
Thinning, uproot weak or abnormal seedlings
before 1st irrigation
Weed control during first 4 weeks after emergence
is v. important
Poor weed competition at this stage
Covers ground after this period
Earthing up at 30 cm plant height
Spring crop
May – June
Summer crop
Last week of November
Attacked by birds (parrots)
Manual
mechanical
HARVESTING & THRESHING
Special care needed
Sun drying
8-10 % moisture
High temp. & high moisture detrimental
Viability is not affected by high temperature
> 50 °C viability is adversely affected
Treated & cleaned storage bins
STOARGE
INSECT PESTS/DISEASES Army worms
Cut worms
Hairy catterpillars
Bud worms
Birds
Sclerotinia wilt & rot
Charcoal rot
Verticillium wilt
VARIETIES
Hysun 33
SF 177
AWARD
PARS 1
Suncross 42