ROMAN PERIOD

A PRESENTATION BY :

04. Vaishnavi

09. Pralay

13. Narayan

42. Ishrat

Elective IIEvolution of Art, Culture and Technology

Structure of the presentation

• Overview and Location

• History of Roman Empire

• Architecture and City Planning

• Technology

• Occupation

• Trade and Commerce

• Art and Culture

LOCATION OF ROME

> Rome was established near the Tiber river and Alban hills.

> This site offered many benefits asthe river was a natural border.

> The hills gave a safe defensive position.

> The site was also located on anintersection between two principal roads leading to the sea coming from Sabinum in the Northeast & Etruria in the Northwest.

GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES

> According to Greek mythology, Romulus & Remus, twin sons of Rhea Silvia & Mars, the God of war were born in 771 BC.

> Due to prophecy, they were abandoned after birth on Tiber river.

> A she wolf took care of them.

> Faustulus and his wife AccaLarentia raised them further.

> Romulus killed Remus and founded the city of Rome.

ORIGIN

753 BC• Romulus founded Rome, became first ruler

753 BC –509 BC

• Rome ruled by kings

509 BC

• Rome becomes a republic

• Senators administered the city

218 BC

• Hannibal invades Italy

• Second Punic War

73 BC• Spartacus leads slaves

45 BC

• First dictator – Julius Caesar

• Civil war – end of Roman republic

44 BC

• Assassination of Julius Caesar by Brutus

• Second civil war

HISTORY

27 BC

• Roman empire begins.

• Caesar Augustus – 1st Roman emperor

80 AD• Colosseum was built

121 AD• The Hadrian Wall was built

306 AD

• Constantine becomes emperor

• Spread of Christianity.

380 AD• Rome splits into two empires.

476 AD

• End of western Roman empire

• Romulus Augustus – Last Roman emperor

HISTORY

HISTORY

FATHER OF ROMAN ARCHITECTURE – M. Vergilius Eurysaces

‘ All buildings must be executed

in such a way as to take account of

durability, utility & beauty. ‘

ARCHITECTURE

• Architectural ideals

• Building materials

• Structures - Walls- Bridges- Arches & Vault - Dome- Aqueducts- Theatres, Circuses & Arenas- Bath- Temples & Pantheons- Basilicas- Tomb

ARCHITECTURE

• ARCHITECTURAL IDEALS

- SPACE :

> To the Romans, the space inside a structure was just as important as the exterior.

> Interior space was the primary focus of Roman architecture and was shaped by vaults, arches and walls.

- EXTRAVAGANCY :

> Architecture for the powerful was gaudy and colourful, not like the ruins seen today.

ARCHITECTURE

• BUILDING MATERIALS USED

- STONES :> Volcanic tufa - walls> Limestone - sculptures> Travertine - aqueducts and tiling> White marble - sculptures

- BRICK

- CEMENT> Made from pozzolanic ash / pozzolana

- CONCRETE

ARCHITECTURE

Masonary

Travertine White Marble

Volcanic Tufa Limestone

Masonry

Opus Incertum Opus Testaceum Opus Mixtum

• STRUCTURES

- Walls :

> For defense purpose> Minimum height of 3.5m> Width ranged from 1.8m to 6m

ARCHITECTURE

• STRUCTURES

- BRIDGES :

> Generally lower in height and broader than aqueducts

> Two important Roman bridges :1. Pons Fabricus2. Pons Milvius

ARCHITECTURE

• STRUCTURES

- ARCHES :

> More intricate than a simple post-and-lintel system.

> Formed by a multitude of small elements that curve over space by resting against each other in a delicate balance.

ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE

• STRUCTURES

- VAULTS :

> Created by extending an arch along its axis (merely an extended arch).

> Supports and provides a roof for a given area.

> Types of vaults :1. Barrel / Tunnel vaults2. Cross / Groin vaults

ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE

Barrel / Tunnel Vault Cross / Groin Vault

• STRUCTURES

- DOME :

ARCHITECTURE

Cloister Dome True Dome

• STRUCTURES

- AQUEDUCTS :

> Used to supply the civilization with water from afar.

> Utilized an arch to create a continuous line of decent of water.

> Built using stone, brick or concrete.

> Aqua Claudia :~ Brought water over solid masonry from some ten

miles into Rome

ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE

• STRUCTURES

- Basilicas :

> Pure Roman style of architecture

> Means, a roofed hall rectangular in plan,sometimes with an apse.

> Basilica Ulpia~ Finest example of the columner basilica

> Basilica in Trier, Germany~ Built by Constantine~ Served as an important model in the

Roman period of architecture

ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE

Basilica in Ulpia Basilica in Trier

• STRUCTURES

- THEATRES :

> Roman theatres were closed while Greeks had open,outside theatre.

ARCHITECTURE

• STRUCTURES

- CIRCUSES :

ARCHITECTURE

Circus Maximus

• STRUCTURES

- ARENAS :

> Emperors fought gladiators and wild animals> Deadly sports like Chariot racing, etc.

ARCHITECTURE

Colosseum

ARCHITECTURE

• STRUCTURES

- BATHS :

> Strenuous daily life promoted the Romans to construct large public baths.

> Wealthy citizens also constructed private baths intheir domiciles.

> Featured elaborate heating systems ~ Furnaces beneath floors ~ Heat was transmitted to rooms by tile ducts,

warming the floors and the walls.

ARCHITECTURE

Apodyterium Tepedarium

Caldarium Frigidarium

• ARCHITECTURAL IDEALS

- Temples :

> Earliest Roman temples resembled Etruscan templesand Greek temples ~ Axial plan~ Deep porch~ Widely spaced columns~ High podiums

> Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus

> Pantheon :~ Immense, domed cella~ Deep, octastyle Corinthian porch~ Block-like intermediate structure

ARCHITECTURE

Temples

• STRUCTURES

- Tombs :

ARCHITECTURE

> Lower classes in meagre, cramped apartments

> Middle classes on the lower floors. Their housingwas called as INSULAS.

> Upper classes usually owned a house known as DOMUS.

Housing

Ancient Insulas

Housing

Housing

Modern Ancient

Roads

Road Pavement Structure

Roads

Modern Ancient

Water Supply & Sanitation

City Planning

> The basic city plan consisted of a central forum with other city services.

> It was surrounded by a wall for defense purpose.

> The wall also marked city limits & was covered by a PORTCULLIS.

> Streets were laid at right angles, in a square grid.

> All roads were equal in length & width.

> Each squared marked by 4 roads was called an INSULA.

City Planning

> Most Roman cities had a population between between5,000 & 15,000 people.

> Cities were more important to the Roman Empire because they were where the empire collected taxes.

> The Ancient Roman city planning still is very clear in modern Rome & it has influenced many towns across Europe & the world.

City Planning

City Planning

City Planning

CITY OF TIMGAD

CITY OF POMPEII

City Planning

City Planning

> Romans technologically excelled in :

- Civil Engineering- Engineering construction materials - Transport technology- Inventions such as the mechanical reaper.

- Rome was also medically advanced.~ GALEN (129 to 217 AD.) was the first physician ~ Father of Medicine in Rome~ excelled in both surgery & herbal medicines.~ He served as a physician of the Roman Emperor

Marcus Aurelius.

- Roman Arenas

Technology

Technology

Technology

• Types of jobs :

- Farmer

- Soldier

- Merchant

- Craftsmen

- Entertainers

- Lawyers, teachers & engineers

- Government

Occupation

> City served as a central point for commerce.

> Farmers brought produce into the city for good coins.

> Cheating was prevented.

Trade & Commerce

Trade & Commerce

Patricians

Plebeians

Slaves

Social Structure

LIFESTYLE

> Daily life

> Clothing

> Food

Culture & Tradition

LIFESTYLE

> Food

Culture & Tradition

LIFESTYLE

> Clothing :

Culture & Tradition

RELIGION

Ancient Roman deity Role Ancient Greek deity

Jupiter King of the Gods Zeus

Juno Wife of the king, Goddess of women & childbirth

Hera

Neptune God of the sea Poseidon

Mars God of war Ares

Venus Goddess of love & beauty Aphrodite

Bacchus God of wine & pleasure Dionysus

Vesta Goddess of the hearth Hestia

1. DERIVED FROM GREEK MYTHOLOGY

2. CHRISTIANITY

LANGUAGE : Greek & Latin

Culture & Tradition

Funeral Customs

Cremations Burial

Culture & Tradition

LITERATURE

> Philosophy :

INDUSTRIA- to

work hard,

diligence

CLEMENTIA-

equity of rights

VIRTUS- courage,

honour, desire

to excel

FIDES- honesty,

believability,

dependability

GRAVITAS- self

control, dignity,

seriousness,

responsibility

PIETAS- respect,

dutifulness, good

living,

VALUES

Culture & Tradition

~ Virgil (70 BC to 19 BC) : History poems

~ Horace (65 BC to 8 BC) : Satires

~ Ovid (43 BC to 117 AD) : Love poems

> Poetry :

> Speeches : Rhetorics

LITERATURE

Ovid Horace

Culture & Tradition

VISUAL ARTS

> Sculptures :

Culture & Tradition

> Bust :

VISUAL ARTS

Culture & Tradition

> Paintings :

VISUAL ARTS

Culture & Tradition

Paintings

> Mosaics :

VISUAL ARTS

Culture & Tradition

> Theatres :

ENTERTAINMENT

Culture & Tradition

> Arenas & Circuses :

ENTERTAINMENT

Culture & Tradition

SPECIAL THANKS TO

OMKAR SIR

PRESENTED BY

04. Vaishnavi

09. Pralay

13. Narayan

42. Ishrat

THANK YOU