1. electricity markets_ Transmission

Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, www.slideshare.net/slvstr

Economic Policy

Energy and the electrical system

Silvester van Koten

CERGE-EI, PragueFlorence School of Regulation

LEE, VŠE









Florence School of regulation: Transparency award


Economic Policy

Energy and the electrical system

Silvester van Koten

CERGE-EI, PragueFlorence School of Regulation

LEE, VŠE


The electrical system


Transmission

Principles of Transmission, applied to the EU transmission network

1. Line limits2. Principles of dispatch3. Role of frequency in ac lines and stability

requirements 4. Transmission shortage, the internal market

and the 2050 carbon targets









Power plants


Distributors


Transmission


Power Plants

Transmission

Industrial consumers

Distributors

Residential consumers: Households

Other countries


2. Transmission lines


September 28th, 2003

Huge blackout cripples Italy!


Rome’s “white night”


Rome’s “white night”110 trains stopped

Thousands of people stuck


Huge blackout cripples Italy!


Mettlen-Lavorgo

Sils-Soazza

03:01

“Cross-border transmission lines”

“Interconnectors”

Tree flashover!


Mettlen-Lavorgo

Sils-Soazza

03:01

Tree flashover!


Mettlen-Lavorgo

Sils-Soazza

03:0103:01-03.16


03:11

The Swiss TSO operator asks the Italian TSO for countermeasures

TSO= Transmission System Operator


Mettlen-Lavorgo

Sils-Soazza

03:21

Italy reduces import by -300 MW

03:25

Tree flashover!


Mettlen-Lavorgo

Sils-Soazza

03:25

Tree flashover!


03:26

All interconnectors are automatically disconnected




1. Transmission lines limits

2. Dispatch

3. Frequency and synchronicity

4. Transmission shortage in the EU


Mettlen-Lavorgo

Sils-Soazza

03:01

Tree flashover!

Transmission lines limits


flashover



High voltage

Dramatically lowers losses to resistance

1 KV-> 10KV

Loss falls to 1%

Factor 100



1 KV-> 100KV

Loss falls to 0.01%

Factor 10.000



High voltage


Line flashover

2 risk factors for line flashover

Factor 1: high voltage

Factor 2: proximity to other objects (trees)



Sagging of the line

High load



Sagging of the line

High load


Clearance: Trees below transmission lines must be kept short enough


Clearance: Trees below transmission lines must be kept short enough


Thus limit of a line is dependent on - The line itself- air temperature & wind- Maximum allowed sagging- For example, Increase in temperature from 30C to

40C can lower the limit with 10%



2. Dispatch


Mettlen-Lavorgo

Sils-Soazza

03:01

Dispatch


2 node network


?

A B

Injection: 100MW Injection:

20MW

Withdrawal: 50MW

Withdrawal: 70MW

Net Injection: 50MW

Net Withdrawal:

50MW

Dispatch


Physical flow: 50MW

A B

Net Injection: 50MW

Net Withdrawal:

50MW

Dispatch


Net Withdrawal:

50MW

Physical flow: 50MW

A B

Net Injection: 50MW ∆ -10MW

40MW

∆-10MW

40MW

∆ -10MW

40MW

Dispatch


Physical flow: 40MW

A B

Net Injection: 40MW

Net Withdrawal:

40MW

Electricity cannot just be “send” somewhere

Any flow is the RESULT of the injection and withdrawals

Dispatch


40MW

A B

40MW

Limit: 50MW

Limit: 50MW

Net Withdraw: 80MW

Net Injection:80MW


A B

40MWNet Withdraw: 80MW

Net Injection:80MW


A B

40MW80MWLimit: 50MW

Net Withdraw: 80MW

Net Injection:80MW


40MW

A B

40MW

Limit: 50MW

Limit: 50MW

Apply N-1 security standards

25MW


Net Injection:50MW


40MW

A B

25MW

Limit: 50MW

Limit: 50MW


40MW

40MW

Both lines can have 80MW

(15 minuts)

Reserve generation of

30MW available

(within 15 min)

Decrease of 30MW is possible

(within 15 min)

Net Withdraw: 80MW

Net Injection:80MW


A B

25MW

Limit: 50MW


40MW


30MW available

(within 15 min)


(within 15 min)

Net Withdraw: 80MW

Net Injection:80MW

Both lines can have 80MW

(15 minuts)


A B

25MW

Limit: 50MW



Net Injection:50MW


A B

25MW

Limit: 50MW


80MWBoth lines can have 80MW

(15 minuts)


30MW available

(within 15 min)


(within 15 min)


A B

40MW80MWLimit: 50MW

Net Withdraw: 80MW

Net Injection:80MW


03:11

The Swiss TSO operator asks the Italian TSO for countermeasures

Dispatch is done by national TSOs


3 node network


A

B

Injection: 120MW30$/MWh

С

Withdrawal: 120MW70$/MWh

40MW80MW

40MW

30$/MWh

Dispatch with 3 nodes


A

B


С

Withdrawal: 120MW

Limit: 500MWLimit: 20MW

70$/MWh

40MW80MW

40MW

Limits


A

B


С

Withdrawal: 120MW


70$/MWh

30MW80MW

30MW


20MW

20MW

60MW30$/MWh 60MWh is shed!

Solution 1: lower injection

40MW


A: 40MW

A

B


С

Withdrawal: 120MW


70$/MWh

A: 80M

W

A: 40MW

Solution 1: Counter flow

Inject 60 MW

B: 20MWB: 2

0MW

B: 40MW

Supply of A+B: 180MW


A: 40MW

A

B


С

Withdrawal: 120MW


70$/MWh

A: 80M

W

A: 40MW

Solution 1: Counter flow & proportional downturning

Inject 60 MW

B: 20MWB: 2

0MW

B: 40MW



A: 53 M

W A: 27 MW

A: 27 MW

Inject 40 MW

B: 13 MW

B: 13 M

W

B: 27 MW



Up till 60MW from A no problem


A

B


С

Withdrawal: 120MW


70$/MWh

A:20MWA:40MW

A: 20MW

Limits


A: +⅓ MW

A: 20MW

A

B


С

Withdrawal: 120MW


70$/MWh

A: 40MW

A: 20MW

Limits+1 MW

B: + ⅓ MW

+1 MW


A:+10 MW

A: 20MW

A

B


С

Withdrawal: 120MW


A: 40MW

A: 20MW

Limits+30 MW

B: +10 MW

+30 MW70$/MWh


A: 30MW

A

B


С

Withdrawal: 120MW


A: 60MW

A: 30MW

Limits

B: 10 MW

B: 20MW

B: 10MW

+30 MW70$/MWh


Mettlen-Lavorgo

Sils-Soazza

03:21

Italy reduces import by -300 MW

03:25

Dispatch



2. Dispatch

3. Frequency and synchronicity


Frequency and Synchronicity

Direct Current (DC)

Alternating Current (AC)



AlternatingCurrent (AC)

50 Hertz


Does a lamp in your house receive zero energy 100 times a second and is thus blinking?



VID

Wednesday 1_ light bulb.divx


50 Herz is the frequency in Europe



A shortage of generation makes the frequency fall

Slight shortage



A surplus of generation makes the frequency rise

Slight surplus



http://www.dynamicdemand.co.uk/grid.htm





http://www.dynamicdemand.co.uk/grid.htm



Russian frequency


All generators are synchronized

UCTE = Continental

Synchronous Area





UCTE = Continental

Synchronous Area



UCTE = Continental

Synchronous Area




•Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Mongolia, Ukraine

•Armenia

•Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia

•Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan?•Uzbekistan, Tajikistan

http://so-ups.ru/index.php?id=ees


03:26

All interconnectors are automatically disconnected



Mini circuit breakers



High voltage circuit breakers


Education

1. electricity markets_ Transmission