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Chapter 7Skeletal System
Bone Classification
• Long Bones• Short Bones• Flat Bones• Irregular Bones• Sesamoid Bones
Parts of a Long Bone• epiphysis
• distal• proximal
• articular cartilage• diaphysis• periosteum• compact bone• spongy bone• medullary cavity• endosteum• marrow
• red• yellow
Compact and Spongy Bone
Microscopic Structureof Compact Bone
• osteocyte•bone cell
• osteon• central canal
•w/ blood vessels•w/ nerves
• perforating canal•w/ blood vessels•w/ nerves
Skeletal Organization
Axial Skeleton• head • neck • trunk
Appendicular Skeleton• upper limbs• lower limbs• pectoral girdle• pelvic girdle
The only ‘floating’ bone
Vertebral Column
• cervical vertebrae (7)• thoracic vertebrae (12)• lumbar vertebrae (5)• sacrum (5 fused)• coccyx (tailbone)
Cervical Vertebrae
• Atlas – 1st; supports head
• Axis – 2nd; dens pivots to turn head
Thoracic Vertebrae
• long spinous processes• rib facets
Lumbar Vertebrae
• large bodies• thick, short spinous processes
Sacrum
• five fused vertebrae•posterior wall of pelvic cavity
Coccyx
• tailbone• four fused vertebrae
Thoracic Cage
• Protects viscera• Role in breathing• Ribs
• True ribs (7)• False ribs (5)
• floating (2)• Costal cartilages• Sternum
• Manubrium• Body• Xiphoid process
• Thoracic vertebrae
Facial Skeleton
Frontal (1)Parietal (2)Temporal (2)Occipital (1)Maxillary (2)Mandible (1)Zygomatic (2) Lacrimal (2)Nasal (2)Sphenoid (1)Ethmoid (1)
Facial Skeleton
Frontal (1)Parietal (2)Temporal (2)Occipital (1)Maxillary (2)Mandible (1)Zygomatic (2) Lacrimal (2)Nasal (2)Sphenoid (1)Ethmoid (1)Vomer (1)
Skull
Sphenoid (1)Ethmoid (1)
Infantile Skull
Fontanels – fibrous membranes; “soft spots”
Pectoral Girdle
• shoulder girdle • clavicles• scapulae• supports upper limbs
Upper Limb
• Humerus• Radius• Ulna
•Olecranon process•Ulnar nerve
• Carpals• Metacarpals• Phalanges
Wrist and Hand
• Carpals (16)• trapezium• trapezoid• capitate• scaphoid• pisiform• triquetrum• hamate• lunate
• Metacarpals (10)
• Phalanges (28)• proximal phalanx• middle phalanx• distal phalanx
Pelvic Girdle
• Coxae (2)• supports trunk of body• protects viscera
Coxae
• hip bones• acetabulum• ilium• ischium
• ischial tuberosity• pubis
Male and Female Pelvis
Female• iliac bones more flared• broader hips• pubic arch angle greater•sacral curvature shorter and flatter• lighter bones
Lower Limb
• Femur•Longest bone of body
• Patella• Tibia
•Medial malleolus• Fibula
•Bears no weight•Lateral malleolus
• Tarsals• Metatarsals• Phalanges
Ankle and Foot
• Tarsals (14)• calcaneus*• talus*• navicular• cuboid• lateral cuneiform• intermediate cuneiform• medial cuneiform
• Metatarsals (10)
• Phalanges (28)• proximal• middle• distal
Ankle and Foot
Bone Development
Intramembranous Ossification• bones originate within sheetlike layers of connective tissues• broad, flat bones skull bones (except mandible)
Endochondral Ossification• bones begin as hyaline cartilage• most bones of the skeleton
Endochondral Ossification
Homeostasis of Bone Tissue
•Bone Resorption – action of osteoclasts
•Bone Deposition – action of osteoblasts; “bone builders”
Bone Function
• Support and Protection• gives shape to head, etc.• supports body’s weight• protects lungs, etc.
• Body Movement• interacts with muscles• bones act as rigid bar of a lever
• Blood Cell Formation• hematopoiesis• red marrow
• Inorganic Salt Storage• calcium • phosphate• magnesium• sodium• potassium