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INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATIONShubham, Nimish, Nihar, Shivangi, Gopinath
Structure of the presentation Global civilization’s Timeline
Introduction
Excavations
Phases oh Harappan civilization
Town planning system
Citadel
Important cities of IVC
Economic life
End of civilization
Introduction to Indus Valley Civilization.
TIMELINE
INTRODUCTION
BRONZE AGE CIVILIZATION
TIME PERIOD=3300BCE to 1300 BCE(4100 years back)
One of the 3 early civilizations (Meso, Ancient Egypt, Indus Valley)
Also known as Harappan civilization.
Extended situated on the basins of from what today is northwest Afganisthan to Pakistan.
It was situated on the basins of Indus river(today’s dried up Saraswati river)coursed through northwest India and eastern Pakistan.
It may had a population of over 5million.
INTRODUCTION…
HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
Harappa was first site to be excavated in 1920s.
Excavation took place mainly in general regions of Indus river and Ghaggra Harakra rivers and their main tributaries.
Until1999, 1056 cities had been found ,out of which 96 have been excavated .
EXCAVATIONS
Phases of Harappan civilization
Early Harappan civilization.( 3300BC to 2800 BC)
Mature Harappan civilization.
Late Harappan civilization.
Early Harappan civilizationPeriod - 3300BC to 2800 BC
Related to Hakra phase
Characterized by centralized authority and increased quality of life
Trade network was established and domestication of crops
kalibhanjan in India
kot daji ,peas, sesame seeds , dates were grown
SITES OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
1. Mohenjo-daro
2. Harappa
3. Kalibangam
4. Rakhigarhi
5. Dolavira
6. Lothal
7. Surkotada
Mature Harappan civilization By 2600 , IVC entered in this phase
Early communities were turning into large centers
Harappa and Mohanjo- Daro in Pakistan
Lothal in India.
Introduced concept of irrigation
GeographyRich agricultural land surrounded.
Dry river beds along Ghaggra Hakra river(50cities).
Civilization had same situation as those in Egypt and Peru.
Town Planning System and General Development Pattern of Indus
Valley Cities.
Town Planning System
The Town Planning System of Indus Valley Civilization was city based.
The excellent drainage and sanitation systems are remarkable.
Urban CitiesThe Indus civilization flourished around cities.
A Sophisticated urban culture.
The ruins of the cities show remarkable town planning, and excellent system of drainage and sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilization.
The city was the heart of the civilization. EgHarappa, Mohenjo daro, Lothal, Dolavira
LOTHAL MOHENJO DARO
DHOLAVIRA KALIBHANGAN
Division of CitiesAlmost all the cities were divided into two parts –
1] A CITADEL, on Western Side
2] A LOWER TOWN, on Eastern Side.
The CITADEL consisted of large structures which functioned as Administrative Buildings.
LOWER TOWN consisted of housing for people
Citadel
CITADEL
LOWER TOWN
GENERAL HOUSING SYSTEM
The houses can be divided into three main groups viz.
1.Dwelling houses,
2.Larger buildings,
3.Public baths.
HOUSING SYSTEM
Town dwellers were divided into various social classes.
The Rich and the Ruling class lived in the multi-roomed spacious houses.
Poorer section lived in small tenements.
The public building and big houses were situated on the streets.
HOUSING SYSTEM
Encroachment on public roads or lanes by building houses was not permitted.
The modest houses were situated on the lanes.
Buildings And Housing
Smaller houses had two rooms, while larger houses had many rooms.
They were plain, utilitarian and comfortable to live.
Some of the buildings were probably multi-storied
Buildings And HousingMost of the houses had baths, wells and covered drains connected with street drains.
Ordinary buildings had little ventilation arrangements, as doors and windows were rarely fixed in the outer walls.
Doors of entrance were fixed not on the front wall but on the side walls.
One could enter a house by the door facing the side lanes of the house.
The doors were made of wood.
Large buildings had spacious doors.
BUILDING MATERIALNo stone built house in the Indus cities.
Most of the houses were built of burnt bricks.
Unburnt sun-dried bricks were also used.
That portion of the buildings where contamination with water was possible, burnt bricks were used.
For other parts sun-dried bricks were used.
Most of the bricks were of equal size.
The staircases of big buildings were solid; the roofs were flat and were made of wood
STREETS
The streets were broad varying from 9 feet to 34 feet.
They ran straight to a mile.
They were suitable for wheeled traffic.
Lanes were joined with the streets.
Each lane had a public welt.
Street lamps were provided for welfare of public.
DRAINAGE SYSTEMThe elaborate drainage system was a remarkable feature of the civilization.
No ancient civilization before, had such an advanced drainage and sanitation system.
Each house had horizontal and vertical drains.
House drains emptied themselves into the main drains which ran under the main streets and below many lanes.
DRAINAGE SYSTEMThere were underground drains for the streets.
These drains were covered by stone slabs.
The soak pits were made of bricks.
The house drains were connected with road drains.
CITADEL
The Granary of Harappan Civilization2 rows of 6 rooms and a Central
Passageway about 7 meters
wide, paved with Baked Bricks.
Each room of 15.2 by 6.1 meters.
Small triangular opening may
have served as air ducts to allow
the flow of fresh air beneath the
hollow floors.
GREAT PUBLIC BATH
THE GREAT PUBLIC BATH
An impressive building, used as a public bath.
The bathing pool is 39 feet by 23 feet with 8 feet depth.
There is a system to fill and empty the water of the bathing pool
There are galleries and rooms on all sides of the bathing pool.
This public bath was attached to the Mohenjo-Daro fort where upper class people lived.
IMPORTANT CITIES OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
IMPORTANT CITIES•Uniform culture over a wide area
•Cities built on a common plan
-a grid: always NS and EW axes •Mohenjo-daro
•Harappa
•Kalibangan
•Rakhigarhi
•Dholavira
•Lothal
•Surkotada
Theancientweb.com
The city of trade
On the banks of a tributary of the river Bhogavo which joined Sabarmati -which fell into the Gulf of Khambat
Average width of periphery wall
– 12 m thk.
hindunet.org
LOTHAL
3.2m
Raised platform for bathing-
30 cms above ground level
2.5 m
BEAD- MAKING KILNDRAINAGE
60 cms.
DOCK was used for trade of beads and other valuable for spices
National museum
National museum
Youtube.com
LOTHAL
LOCATION- IN KUTCH DISTRICT GUJARAT
hindunet.org
DHOLAVIRA
DHOLAVIRA was 2nd largest site of Indus Valley Civilization
Hindunet.org
Hindunet.org
RESERVOIR AT DHOLAVIRA SITE
DHOLAVIRA
Water carried to reservoir though covered channels
Sketch depicting water canalized from dam to the reservoir
•The city of Dholavira in its fullest form was proportionate and proportionality resolved configuration following a resolute set of principles of planning and architecture with
mathematical precision.
Division Width Length Ratio
City, internal 616.87 711.10 4 : 5
Castle, internal at available top 92 114 4 : 5
Castle, external (as per present exposure) 118 151 4 : 5
Citadel (castle + bailey), external approximately (including bastions) 140 280 1 : 2
Bailey, internal 120 120 1 : 1
Middle Town + Stadium, internal 290.45 340.5 6 : 7
Middle Town, excluding Stadium, internal 242 340.5 5 : 7
Stadium, internal 47.5 283 1 : 6
Lower Town, built-up area 300 300 1 : 1
asi.nic.in
DHOLAVIRA
Left bank of
saraswati river
hindunet.org
KALIBANGAN
Narrow streets Wide streets
Street-widths were: 1.8 m., 3.6m, 5.4m and 7.2 m.
(note the ratio of 1:2:3:4)
On the floors, soiling of terracotta nodules intermixed with pieces of charcoal was overlaid with the clay floor
sealing of clay in the houses
CONSTRUCTION
1.8 m
5.4 m
National museumNational museum
KALIBANGAN
The city excelled in CLAY, COPPER & BRONZE work
BRONZE BULL
CLAY SEALS were extracted in plentyAnd figureswereembossed
TERACOTTA BULL
BULL was an essential figure as it was used in agriculture
It depicts a prosecution of seven men wearing kilts & helmets and attacking a tiger
Hindunet.org
Hindunet.org
Hindunet.org
Hindunet.org
KALIBANGAN
HARAPPA
The southern reservoir of the citadel
The circular working platforms located to the south of the "granary" or Great Hall.
They were used for husking grain.
Mound F,A plan of circular platforms; B sections of sediments above platform and section through central pit..
Even at that time, structures were plastered; with mud
Harappa.com
Harappa.com
HARAPPA
MOHENJO-DARO
The site plan of mohenjo-daro showing the city and locations of the city and the citadel with the view of the great bath.
hindunet.org
Storm water drains in the castle
A huge well in the castle
PUSHKARINI a stepped tank in castle
INTERPRETATION OF
ARCHEOLOGISTSA view of the GREAT BATH in the CITADEL of mohenjo-daro; computer generated according to the interpretation of the archaeologists
A view of the multi-storey GRANARY in the CITADEL; used for storage with small entrances were goods are taken through pulleys.
www.flickr.com
THE GREAT BATH THE GRANARY
EONOMIC LIFE OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
ECONOMIC LIFE
AGRICULTURE & ANIMAL HUSBANDRY were backbone of economy.
Flourished due to availability of plenty of WATER,FERTILE BASINS OF INDUS,PASTURE LANDS
EXTERNAL TRADE dominated URBAN CENTERS
CRAFT CENTERS
CHAHUNDRA was a small settlement dedicated to bead making, shell making, metal cutting, weight making
SEALS AND WEIGHTS SEALS were used for LONG DISTANCE TRANSPORTATION.
SEALS were imprinted on a wet clay and that was attached to parcel.
Exchanges were regulated by precise system of WEIGHTS.
It had cubical shape, and made up of stone called chert
TOYS
BULLOCK KART TOYS
TOYS
TERACOTTA BULLOCK CART BULLOCK CART
TOYS
DICE AT MOHENJADARO
MRS.HARAPPAN MR.HARAPPAN
ORNAMENTS
Both women and men were found of ornaments made up of gold,silver,copper
Ornaments were decorated with precious stone like jade,carnelian,agate,lapis-lazuli
ORNAMENTS
POTTERY
BURIAL POTTERY BURIAL POTTERY
POTTERY
END OF CIVILIZATION
Probable Reasons for declination of IVCThe study of archaeologist suggest main probable 6 reasons for declination of Indus valley Civilization:
1.The law of nature
2.Floods
3.Earthquakes
4.Change of the course of Indus
5.Plague
6.Foreign Invasion
1.Law of natureRenowned historian Arnold Joseph Toynbee has categorized the decay of a culture as its final stage after a culture is born and grows to its highest point of efficacy.
The Harappan culture was no exception to this general law of nature.
Its decline set in around 1800 B.C. and in course of time came its extinction.
2.FloodsThe massive floods in the Indus must have been a potent cause for the extinction of the Harappan culture.
The point is proved by the silt-clay that covers the collapsed houses at Mohenjo-Daro.
Repeated floods must have forced the people to flee the inundated places and set up permanent habitat elsewhere.
As a consequence came the decline of Harappa.
3.EarthquakesThe Harappan culture occupied an area that was prone to earthquakes as it came under a seismographic zone.
Repeated seismographic vibrations must have led to erosion that brought down the buildings.
Earthquakes constitute an important reason for the decline of Harappan culture.
4. Change of the courseof the Indus
Some Historians attribute the decline of the Harappan culture to the river Indus changing its course frequently.
As such the Indus delta shifted away from Mohenjo-Daro and water became scarce.
Water scarcity must have led to the exodus of the Harappan people to other places.
5. PlagueOutbreak of the plague epidemic is shown as a reason for the decline of Harappan civilization.
Skeletal remains from the main roads of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro as found out through archaeological efforts tell a sad story.
When an epidemic like plague visits a human habitation, it leaves its trail of death everywhere.
The scattered skeletal remains therefore lead some to attribute it to epidemic like plague, though there is no concrete proof of outbreak of plague in the region.
6.Foreign InvasionThe Aryan invasion is one of proposed reason for the decline of Harappan culture.
There is archaeological proof of genocide and skeletal remains scattered everywhere in Mohenjo-Daro.
An autopsy on these skeletons reveals damages that must have been caused by sharp objects or weapons.
Knowledge and use of iron as weapons was known to the Aryans, not to the Harappan people.
Defeat and death of the Harappan people must have come at the hands of the invading Aryans.
Direction of Aryan invasion
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