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مرتبطة بشكل معني وتكون ركناهى جمموعة من الذرات على تغلبها املركب ولكن فعاليتها ووظيفتجزئ من
اجلزئ بأكمله خواص
R―OH CH3OH
OH― Ar―OH
―O―
R―O―R CH3OCH3
― C═O
CH3CHO
―C═O
CH3 CO CH3
C―OH―
CH3COOH
R―C―OR
CH3COOC2H5
―NH2 R―NH2 C2H5NH2
R―C―OR
O
R―C―OH
O
R―C―H
O
R―C―R
O
O
OH
O
٤١
أو أكثر يئاا على جمموعة هى مركبات عضوية حتتوى جز جمموعات اهليدروكسيل من
OHR─OH
OHAr─OH
R―OH H―OH
Ar―OH H―OH
― C ―OH
- H
+ R
- H
+ Ar
H
R―OHR―H
Ar―OHAr―H
- H
+ OH
- H
+ OH
CH3─OH
CH2―CH2
C2H4(OH)2
│ │ OH OH
CH2―CH─CH2
C3H5(OH)3
│ │ │ OH OH OH
CH2―(CHOH)4―CH2
C6H8(OH)6
│ │ OH OH
R―OH Ar―OH
CH3OH
OH
٤٢
++ """ ="
CH3CH2CH2OH
CH3 – C – CH2CH3
OH
H * C2H5OH
R – C – OH H
H
H
*
-
CH3 – C – OH H
H
R – C – OH R
H
CH3 – C – OH CH3
H
H
*
- - -
R – C – OH R
R
CH3 – C – OH CH3
CH3
CH3 –CH2– CH – CH3 OH
CH– CH2 – OH
CH3
CH3
CH3 –CH2– C – OH
CH3
CH3 C2H4(OH)2
CH3 –CH2– C – OH
CH3
CH3
H I
٤٣
OH
CH3―CH2―CH2―CH2―CH2―OH -
CH3―CH2―CH2―CH―CH3 - - -
CH3―CH2―CH―CH2―CH3
CH3―CH2―CH― CH3
CH3 ―CH ―CH3 – –––
–
C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
2C2H5OH + 2CO2 C6H12O6
–
C2H4
CH2═CH2 + HOH CH3CH2OH
OH
OH
H2SO4
OH
OH
CH3
٤٤
CH3CH═CH2 + HOH CH3―C―CH3
-
CH3―C―C―CH3 + HOH CH3―C ═ C―CH3
٢ - -٢-
- -
RX + KOH R―OH + KX
CH3Cl + KOH(aq) CH3OH + KCl
CH3―CH2―Br + K OH(aq) CH3―CH2―OH + KBr
CH3―CH―Br + K OH(aq) CH3―CH―OH + KBr
- -
OH
CH3 CH3
OH
H2SO4
H2SO4
CH3 CH3
H I
H I
H I
I H
٤٥
CH3―C―Cl + K OH(aq) CH3―C―OH + KCl
<<
R─C─Br + KOH R─C─OH + KBr
R─C─Br + KOH R─C─OH + KBr
R─C─Br + KOH R─C─OH + KBr
––––
بيوتانول– ٢
CH3 CH2─C─CH3 + KOH CH3 CH2─C─CH3 + KBr
تانول بن– ٢ – میثیل – ٢
CH3 CH2 CH2─C─CH3 + KOH CH3 CH2 CH2─C─CH3 + KCl
–
CH3
CH3
H │
│ OH
H │
│ Br
│ Cl
CH3 │
CH3 │
│ OH
CH3
CH3
H
H H
H
مائیةR
H
مائیة
R
H R R
مائیة
R R
٤٦
–
2C2H5OH + 2Na 2C2H5ONa + H2 ↑
O─H
C2H5O Na + HO H C2H5OH + NaOH
R ― C ― O H
H │
│ H
HCl , HBr , HI
H2SO4
١٤٠عند ) ب ١٨٠عند ) أ
R─ O H
٤٧
–
CH3CO OH + H OC2H5 CH3COOC2H5 +H2O
:OHH O18O16
OH ZnCl2
C2H5OH + HCl C2H5Cl + H2O
HOH
"على أن تكون كل منهما حممضة حبمض الكربيتيك املركز" – H
CH3―C―OH + [O] CH3―C―OH CH3―C═O
H2SO4
ZnCl2
H
H
H
OH
H
─ C─OH
أكسدة أكسدة
یستقر بفقد H2O–جزىء
K2Cr2O7
H2SO4
٤٨
CH3CHO + [O] CH3COOH +H2
– H
CH3―C―OH + [O] CH3―C―OH CH3―C― CH3
–
– H
–––
–––
:
CH3
H
CH3
OH
K2Cr2O7
H2SO4
أكسدة
O
یستقر بفقد H2O–جزىء
K2Cr2O7
H2SO4
٤٩
–
C2H5OH C2H4 + H2O
–
2 C2H5OH C2H5 O C2H5 + H2O
C2H4 + H2O + [O]
H2SO4 180C
CH2 – CH2 OH OH
–
٫
KMnO4
H2SO4 140C
CH2 – CH2
OH OH
٥٠
H―C―C―C―H
CH2―O―NO2 CH2―OH
CH―OH + 3HONO2 CH―O―NO2 + 3H2O CH2―OH CH2―O―NO2
OH
– OH
–
OH
H2SO4
––
PEG
– – –
!!!
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
٥١
–
–
CH2OH
C=O CHOH)3(
CH2OH
H │ H―C―OH │ C ═ O │ H―C―OH │ H―C―OH │ H―C―OH │ H―C―OH │ H
CHO
( CHOH)4
CH2OH
CHO │ H―C―OH │ H―C―OH │ H―C―OH │ H―C―OH │ H―C―OH │ H
OH OH
OH
OH
OH OH
C6H5─OH
٥٢
+ NaOH + NaCl
–O─H –O─HH+
ح فيما يلىوالدليل على ذلك يتض
احلالة الطبيعية
التأثري على عباد الشمس
اخلاصية احلامضية
OHO─HH+
O─HH+
δ- δ+ C2H5─O-H
التفاعل مع الفلزات Naالنشطة مثل
C2H5─ONa + H2
التفاعل مع القلويات NaOHمثل
التفاعل مع األمحاض HClمثل
OH
C2H5─Cl + H2O
OH OH
C─OH
OH
Cl
δ+ δ+
O─H
ONa + H2
ONa + H2O
٥٣
""
!!!
H─C═O
a a + b b + ab
n
: –
–
:
III
+ 3 HO-NO2 H2SO4 + 3 H2O
OH
NO2
NO2 O2N
–
H I
OH
H
H H
٥٤
─ C─ OH
─ C── OH
–
–
HCOOH
CH3COOH
C3H7COOH
C15H31COOH
O
O
R─ C─ OH
O
C─ OH
O
HCOOH
CH3COOH
COOH
COOH
COOH
COOH
COOH
OH
COOH
٥٥
H─C≡C─H + H2O أستیلین أسیتالدھید حمض أسیتیك
O H―O
R ― C C ― R O ― H O
–
–
HgSO4 60°C H2SO4 40%
CH3─ CH CH3─ C─ OH [O]
R―C―O H
٥٦
2 CH3COOH + Mg (CH3COO)2Mg + H2
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
CH3COOH + 2 H2 C2H5OH + H2O
CO2
––
200C
CuCrO4
–
–
H2SO4
مركز
–
٥٧
2 + 3 O2 2 + 2H2O
HCl , CH3COOH , C2H5OH , ,
+ NaOH + H2O
+ C2H5OH + H2O
COOH
CH3 V2O5
400 C
COOH
COOH
COONa
COOH HClجاف
COOC2H5
OH
٥٨
١
HCOOH
١ -٢ - ٣ - ٤- ٥-
٢
CH3COOH
١- ٢ -- -
٣
-
-٫
٤
H │ H―C―COOH │ HO―C―COOH │ H―C― COOH │ H
- - -pH
٥
CH3 │ HO―C―COOH │ H
٦
٧
–– –
٨ –
(─NH2)
NH2CH2COOH ─NH2 + H CH2COOH
⍺
COOH
R─ C ─COOH
H I
I NH2
⍺
OH
COOH
٥٩
ألمحاض الكربوكسيلية مع الكحوالتهى نواتج احتاد ا
:
CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
─ OH
R – C – OH + H –OR R – C – OR + H2O
HCOOCH3
CH3COOC2H5
COOC2H5
٦٠
:
CH3COOC2H5 + H2O CH3COOH + C2H5OH
CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH CH3COONa + C2H5OH
C6H5COOC2H5 + NaOH C6H5COONa + C2H5OH
CH3─C─OC2H5 + NH3 CH3─C─NH2 + C2H5OH
C6H5─C─OC2H5 + NH3 C6H5─C─NH2 + C2H5OH
R – C –OR + H2O R – C – OH + R–OH
HCl
مائیة
مائیة
٦١
:
+ + 3H2O
NaOHKOH
O CH3 || | H – C – O – CH2 – CH – CH3
O || CH3 – C – O – (CH2)7 – CH3
O || CH3 – CH2 – C – O – (CH2)4 – CH3
O || CH3 – (CH2)2 – C – O – CH3
O || CH3 – (CH2)2 – C – O – CH2 – CH3
O || CH3 – C – O – CH2 – C6H5
CH2 – OH | CH – OH | CH2 – OH
CH2 – O – C – R1 CH – O – C – R2 CH2 – O – C – R3
O
O
O
HO – C – R1
HO – C – R2
HO – C – R3
∆
٦٢
+ HO – CH2 – CH2 – OH
-
-
(OH , COOH) ..
HO – C C – OH
- H2O
HO – C C – O – CH2 – CH2 – OH
n
OH
O || – C – OH H – O – CH3+
OH
O || – C – OCH3
+ H2O
+ HO – C – CH3 || O
O H
O || – C – OH
O–
O || – C – OH
C – CH3 || O
H2O+
٦٣
(CH3CO─
III
CO2
O–
O || – C – OH
C – CH3 || O
H2O+ H+
OH
COOH + CH3 – C – OH
