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"MEIKAYHAPOAHbIE OTHOWEHHll" M 0 CIl B A 1872

..........

Jacques Bergier

L'ESPIONNAGE INDUSTRIEL

Hachette 1969

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HH5I CBOI1MH npeJlnpH5ITHl1MH. 3TOT nO-HaCToRmcMy peaJlbHblfl <jJeAepa·

* Jean Jacques Servan-Schreiber, Le defi americain, P., 1967; «The American Challenge", L., 1968; C h r i s top her L a y­ton. Europcan Advanccd Technology. A Programmc for Integration, L., 1969.·

17 16

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JIHeMble KOMnaHI151MH «Mo::)JIep pHCeplJ» H «KeJI Kopno­

pefllllH», npe.n.Ha3Ha'lalOTCH HCK.TItQ'IHTe.'lbHO JI.JI5I aMepHK:l H­

CKOi'1 nOJIHu,HH H KOHTppa3Be.n.KH.

Bee HCnOJIb30BaHHbie MHOH .n.OKyMefITbl I1MelOTCH B CBO­

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JIenw MomeT npH06peCTH BC5IKI1H, 'IT06bI y6e.n.HTbCH D peaJIbHOCTH npOMblillJIeHHOrO lllnHOHama.

[JPOMbllllJIeHHbIH lllnHOHa)l< H COOTBeTCTBYlOl.lI.a51 KOHTp­

paSDe.n.Ka HBJIHIOTCH HeH3MeHIIblMH peaJIbHOCTHMH Halllero

MHpa. 3TOMy B SHalJHTeJIbHOH Mepe 6blJI nOCDHl.l.l,eH lJHKar­

CKI1H KOlIrpecc no Bonpocy 0 npHMeHeHHH HaYKH H TeXHHKI1

n pH pellleHHH nOJIHu,eHCKI1X 3a.n.a'l. Ha KOHrpecce, B lJaCT­

1I0CTH, .n.eMOIICTpH pOBaJICH CKOHCTpyHpOBa HHbllJ a MepHKaH­

CKOH KOMn3HI1eH «JIOKXH.n. MHCHJIC 31I.n. cneHC KOMn31IH»

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JII06yIO KaMepy, JII060H caMonHlllYI.ll.HH npH60p.

26

)KypHaJI «AHTpenpHS», opraH <ppaHu,yscKHX .n.eJIOBbIX

KpyroB, nl1caJI 28 OKTH6p51 1967 1'.: «HaH60JIee arpeccHDHbl­

MH HBJIHIOTCH HnoHu,bl. IllnHoHam cTpaH BocToKa HOCHT

cHcTeMaTHlJeCKHH H u,eHTpaJIH30BaHHbIH xapaKTep. 4TO Ka­

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CBoero BpeMeHH B3aHMHoMY lllnHOHa)KY. XHMHH H aBTOMO­

6HJIeCTpOeHHe - OTpaCJIH npOMbllllJIeHHOCTH, r.n.e oxpaHa

ceKpeToB HrpaeT BamHeHlllylO pOJIb. LtBa ro.n.a Ha3a.n. npem­

.n.eBpeMeHHoe peKJIaMHpOBaIme HOBOH MOneJIH «Mepce.n.eca »

HaHeCJIO cepbe3Ilbifi ¢HHaHcoBbIH Yl.ll.ep6 epHpMe. XHl.lI.eHHH

KOJIJIeKu,HH MO.n. lllHpOKO HSBeCTHbl. KOMnaHHH «I1pOKTOp

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epHpMbl. OnHa)J(.n.bl cj)HpMbl «PeBJIOH» H «KOTH» o.n.HoBpeMeH­

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3KOHOMH'IeCKOrO .1llnHOHama: B 1968 ro.n.y .n.Ba aHrJIHHCKHX

npOMblllIJIeHHHKa, no.n.rOTaBJIHBaBlllHe CJIH5IHHe CBOHX npe.n.­

npHHTHH, pellll1JII1 BCTpeTHTbcH B cTpomaHllleH TaHHe Ha

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HHTb TaHHy He y.n.aJIOCb: B aBTOM06HJIe, B KOTOpOM exaJI

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HaYlJHble OTKpblTHH, peKJIaMHble nJIaHbl, npoeKTbl BbmycKa

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11<ypH8JIHCTOB.

27

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C5I C KaR<.n.bIM .n.HeM Bce 60J1ee HHTeHCHBHbIM, a. ero MeTO­.n.bI - Bce 60JIee KPYTbIlIIl1».

28

JII06ble ycnexH HayKH, KaK B KocMoce, TaK H Ha .n.He MO­

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29

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36

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37

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46

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47

XHMHIUI, KOTOpbIe paCCMaTpl'IBa.7IH 3TH 5IBJleHHH non OHOJIO­

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HOH 9HeprHH nHeM H OCBoOmK,rJ.aIOw.ee HOtIblO..Bo BCHKOM

cJlyLJae, B HaCT05Iw.ee BpeMH 3TO - nOTepHHHbIH ceKpeT.

CeKpeT OlfHU.\eHlHI aJlMa30B. A.iIMa3bI HepenKO HMelOT

uneTHble BKJIlOlfeHHH, CHH)l{aIow.He HX U,eHHOCTb. MHorO'lHC­

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CTpeMHJIHCb npOH3BonHTb aJIMa3~.

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Ha)Ka. B TO BpeM5I Kal<, no npenaHHIO, MHOrO'lHCJIeHHble <pH­

3H'leCKHe, XHMH'leCKHe H OHOJIOrl1'leCIme Onepall.HH HJIH

Ma HHnyJI5Ill.HH OblJIH y neJlOM onHHX JIHWb nOCB5Iw.eHHbIX,

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3TH onbITbl MoryT OblTb nOBTopeHbl, pa3yMeeTC5I, eCJIH oyneT

BblKpaneHO nOCTaTOlIHoe I{QJI!1'leCTBO CBeneHHH, 'lTOObI He

npHXOnHJIOCb oeCKOHe'lHO opeCTH B nOTeMKax Hayran.

Tal<HM oopa30M, eCJIH OTBJIe'lbC5I OT MOpaJIbHOH CTOpO­HbI Bonpor-a, wnHOH C'lHTaJI TaK, KaK C'lHTaIOT COBpeMeHHbIH

Y'leHbIIH H TeXHHK: 3KcnepHMeHT, eCJlH OH ObIJI 5ICHO onHcaH,

MomeT OblTb nOBTopeH npyrHM 3KcnepHMeHTaTopOM. 11 He

CJIeJlyeT 3aObIBaTb, 'lTO HMeHHO wnHOHbI pacnpOCTpaH5IJIH

3TY BamHylO MbICJlb. TaKHM oopa30M, HayKa H HHnycTpH5I CBOHM pa3BHTHeM B orpOMHOH Mepe 005l3aHbI WnHOHa)l{y.

.. CCII·>Kep~,eH - }KIlBWHfl B XVIII BeKC «ral1HCrBeHHblfl rpaqJ», JlOBKHH 3BHHTIOPI1CT, a KOTOPO~I pacnpocrpaHello MHO)l{CCTDO JlereHA.­npUAI. pea.

BnpO'leM, MbJ yBHnHM naJIee, 'lTO TaKHe BbInaIOl1~HeC5I YlIe­

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JIeHHblM WnHOHa){(eM, paBHO KaK nOJIHTHLJeCImM H BOeHHbII\L

TaKHM 06pa30M, B 3noxy, npenweCTBoBaBwylO pO)KneHHIO

naTeHTa Ha H300peTeHHe, npOMblWJleHHbIH mnHOHa)l{ v.rpaJI

onpeneJIeHHO nOJIO)l{HTeJIbHYIO pOJIb.

B XVII I BeKe pO){<neHHe naTeHTa Ha H300peTeHHe Hat;aJIO

B KaKoH-To Mepe OXpaH5ITb H30opeTaTeJI5I HJIH HCCJIenOBaTe­

JI5I OT BOpOB. llepmaTeJIb naTeHTa Ha H300peTeHHe Mor r;pe­

CJIenOBaTb no 3aKoHy nOXHTHTeJIei1 CBoero ceKpeTa B Te'leHHe

20 JIeT, nOCJIe 'lero ceKpeT CTaHOBHJIC5I nOCT05lHHeM oome­

CTBa. C Tex nop nOJIO)l{eHHe lfpe3BbI'laHHO OCJIO)l{HHJIOCb. HO

Bce-TaKH p0)l{neHHe naTeHTa Ha H300peTeHHe 3HaMeHyeT

OKOH'laHHe nepHona, KOTOpb!lH MO)l{HO OblJIO Obi Ha3BaTb KYC­

TapHbIM nepHOnOM npOMbIWJIeHHoro WnHOHa)!{a.

3 rJlABA

1791-1875 rOAM

-=-~I OnbI, CT05lw.He B 3arOJI.oBKe :>TOH rJIa· ~ _ BbI, B351Tbl He CJIy'laHHO. 7 5IHBap51

1791 1.- naTa H3naHH5I <ppaHUY3CKO­ro 3aKOHa 0 naTeHTax Ha H300peTeHHe, BnepBbIe onpeneJIHB­

wero npaBa H30opeTaTeJI5I. 1875 ron - naTa opraHH3aUHH

nOJIHll.HH Ha 3aBonax Kpynn8 B ll.eJIHX oxpaHbI ceKpeToB qmpMbl.

KOHe'lHO, 3aKOH OT 1791 rona He 5IBJI5IeTC5I nepBOH 3aKO­

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K 3TOMy Bonpocy. OnHaKO 3TOT 3aKOH, HaCKOJIbKO MHe H3Be­

CTHO, 51BHJIC5I nepBbIM 3aKOHOM, noow.p5IBWHM npOMbI!WJIeH­

. HbIH WnHOHa)l{ 3a npeneJIaMH <ppaHUHH. B caMOM neJIe, OH

npH3HaeT «3a BC5IKHM, KTO nepBbIM npHBe3eT BO <ppaHUHIO

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KHMH nOJlb30BaJlC5I ObI ero H300peTaTeJIb»). 3TO He 'lTO HHoe,

I<aK caMoe 5IBHOe nOow.peHHe npOMbIWJIeHHOro WnHOHa)l{a.

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nelOw.HX npOMblllIJleHHbIMH ceKpeTaMH, nooy)l{naJIH I< TOMy,

'lTOObI OHH nepee3:>KaJIH Ha )l{HTeJIbCTBO BO <PpaHUHIO. TaK,

HanpHMep, KOpOJIeBCKHH naTeHT npenOCTaBHJI B 1551 rony

HTaJIb5lHcKOMY nBop5lHHHy H3 DOJIOHbH no HMeHH TeCI<O

MYUHO npaBO «eMy onHoMy npoH3BOnHTb B Te'leHHe 10 JIeT

48 49

BCHKoro po.na CTeKJlHHHble H3.nemiH no BeHelJ,HaHcKoMy eno­

c06y». To 06CT05lTeJlbCTBO, T-ITO 3TOT 6J1aropo.nHbIH .nBOp5l­

HHH, BepoHTBo, nOXliTHJI cnoc06 npOH3B01l.CTBa y BeHeIJ,HaH­

lJ,eB, He npHBHMaJlOCb BO BHliMaBHe. KOpOJleBCKHe naTeHTbl

Hepe.nKO OrpaHJilIHBalOTCH Jll1111b IOpH.nJilleCKoH IWAH<pHKa­

llHeH CBeplllHBlllerOCH cPaKTa.

C .npyroH CTOpOHbl, 3alWB OT 7 HHBap51 1791 r., .nonoJl­

HeHHbIH nOCTaHOBJleHHeM 0 ero npHMeBeHHH OT 25 MaH TOro

llie ro.na, B TO llie BpeMH 13BOJl.HT B 06pameHHe KaTeropHIO

naTeHTa Ha H306peTeHHe. nOCTaHOBJleHHe OT 25 MaH npe.ny­

CM<lTpHBaeT 06ecne4eHHe npOMbIlllJleHHOH 6e30nacHocTH H

pelllaeT cy.nb6y «H306peTeHHH, KOTopble Hy)J(HO xpaHHTb

B TaHHe no nOJlHTH4eCKHM co06palli~HHHM».

I13Jl.aB<lH 3aKOH 1791 rona, 3aKOHo.naTeJlH pyKOBO.nCT­

BOBaJlHCb B OTHOllleHHH ero TeXHH4eCKoro acneKTa aHrJlHH­

CKHM 3aKOHOM 1623 ro.na, a B OTHOllleHHI1 peBOJllOl~HOHHOii

rrOJlHTHI(H - aMepHKaHcKoH KOHCTliTYIJ,HeH 1787 ro.na.

Pe3YJlbTaTbI npHHHTHH 3aKOHa He 3aCTaBHJlH ce6H )K.naTb.

Cpe.nHero.nOBoe 4HCJlO Bbll.naHHblx BO <PpaHIJ,HH naTeHTOB yBe­

JlH4HJlOCb C 19 3a nepHo.n 1791-1804 ro.nOB .no 71 B cJle­

.nYlOmeM .neC5ITHJleTHH (1804-1815 rr.). C 1815 no 1831 ro.n

e)Kero.nHO BbI.naBaJlOCb 230 n<lTeHTOB, C 1831 no 1841 ro.n­

750, B 1855 ro.ny - 4 TbIC., B 1876 rOAY - 5 TblC. H B KOHlJ,e

CTOJleTH5I-60Jlee 10 TbIC.

50JlblllHHCTBO 3TH X naTeHT013 nOCJlY)!<HJIO HCT04HHI(aMH

Me)K.nYHa PO.nHbIX KOHq)JlHI(TOB, Ii BOKpyr HHX pa3rOpaJIC5I

lllnHOHalli. MbI paCCKallieM 0 HeKOTopbIX H3 HHX, He c06J11O­

.na51 XpOHOJlOrH4eCKoro nOp5l.nKa. O.nHa H3 C<lMbIX nopa3HTeJlbHblX HCTOpHH 04eHb 6J1H3Ka

no BpeMeHH K HallleH BTOPOH .naTe. Pe4b H.neT 0 naCTepe

H 0 nHBe. naTpHOTH3M nacrepa HeocnopHM, o.nHalW MbICJlb

06 OTMllleHHH 3a nopallieHHe 1870 ro.na nyTeM C03.naHH5I

130 <ppaHIJ,HH nHBoBapeHHoH npOMbIlIIJleHHOCTH, KOTOpa51 Mor­

JI<I 6bI BeCTH BO BceM MHpe 60pb6y C HeMelJ,KHM nHBOM,

KallieTCH no MeHbllleH Mepe :~a6aBHoiL TeM He MeHee HMeH­

HO TaKylO lJ,eJlb npeCJle.nOBaJlH naTeHT naCTepa 3a Ng 91941 OT 28 HIOHH 1871 r., a TaKllie ero «I1cCJle.noBaHH5I 0 nHBe»,

KOTopble no cnpaBe.nJlHBOCTH MOlliHO 6bIJlO 6bD Ha3BaTb Ma­

HHcPecToM, ony6J1HKoBaHHble B 1876 ro.ny.

nacTep HHKor.na He HCnOJlb30BaJl CBoe nOJlOllieHHe .nJlH

nOJlY4eHHH MaTepHaJlbHbIX Bblro.n. Bnp04eM, BOT 4TO OH 3a5l­

13HJI 10 cPeBpaJl51 1862 r. no nOBOJl.Y CBoero HOBoro cnoc06a

H3rOTOBJleHH5I yKcyca: «nOCKOJlbKY 4aCTO CJlY4aeTC5I, 4TO

HaY4Hble npHHIJ,HnbI, npeAaHHble OrJlaCKe HX aBTopClMH,

50

npeBpa lllalOTC5I B 4YlliHX pyKax B npe.nMeT 3a5lBKH Ha no­

ny4eHHe naTeHTOB Ha H306peTel-IHe 6Jlaro.n.ap51 .n.06aBJleHI'I~o npH60poB, annapaToB HJlH He3Ha4HTeJlbHbiX H3MeHeHHH,

51 no COBeTy aBTopHTeTHblX JlHIJ, B351Jl 11.0 Moero co06meHH5I

B <peBpaJle TIaTeHT, KOTOpbIH,. BH.nHMO, 6y.n.eT HMeTb npHopH­

TeT nepe.n BceMH TeMH, n05lBJleHHIO KOTOpblX MOrJla 6bl .naTb

nOBO.n. M051 pa60Ta, H 51 .no6aBJl5l1O, tITO HCnOJlHeH pelllHMO­

CTH cero.n.H5I llie npeJl.OCT<lBHTb 3101' naTeHT B pacnOp5l)J(elme

rocy.n.<lpCTBa». O.nHaKO OH XOTeJl c6epe4b ceKpeT OT HeM­

lJ,eB H OCTaJlbHOrO MHpa. <ppaHIJ,Y3CKoe TIHBO npeB30111JlO no CBOHM KatleCTBaM He­

MelJ,Koe. WHpOKO pa3BepHYBllla5lC5I .ne5lTeJlbHOCTb lllnHOHOB,

3aCJI<lHHbIX HeMelJ,KHMH flHBOBapaMH, n03BOJlH.T1a HM .n06I,liTb

ceKpeT, H... paBHOBeCHe 6bIJlO BOCCTaHOBJleHO. naCTep npo.n.oJl)J(aJl HaCTaHBaTb Ha «HallHOHaJlbHOM 3Ha­

4eHHH» CBoero nHBa. OH nHCaJl B CBoeM naTeHTe: «51 >KeJlalO,

4T06bl nHBo, npOH3Bo.nHMoe no MoeMy ,~eTO.n.y, HOCHJlO .,Ha­3BaHHe "nHBO IjalJ,HOHaJlI,HOrO peBaHllla .. , a 3a rpaHHlJ,eH-­

th ",,'t'paHIJ,Y3CKoe nHBO ». B 1889 ro.n.y <ppaHIJ,Y3cKHe nHBoBflpI,l, c06paBlllHcI, H3

KOHrpecc, ToplliecTBeHHo Bblpa3HJlH CBOIO npH3HaTeJlI,HOCTb

nacTepy. BepHeMc5I TenepI, K ro.ny, 60Jlee 6J1H3KOMY K HallleH nep­

BOH .naTe. 16 Ma51 1805 r. lllBeHlJ,apelJ, I1caaK PHBa3 no.n.aJl

3a5lBKY Ha naTeHT 06 «HcnOJlb30BaHHH B3pI,IBa ra3~B H .apy­

rHX ra3006pa3HI,lx BemeCTB B Ka4eCTBe .nBHlliymeH CHJlbl B

MexaHHKe». B .noKJla.n.HoH 3anHCKe C006111aJlOCb 06 HCnI,lTa­

HH5IX H306peTaTeJleM nOB03KH C r<l30BbiM .nBHraTeJleM, pa60­

TalOmHM Ha BO.n.Opo.n.e, H npHBo.nHJlCH ero 4epTe)!(. TaK po­

.n.HJlC5I aBTOM06HJlb. CJlyXH 06 3TOM H306peTeHHH pacnpocT­

paHHJlHCb .n.OBOJlbHO 6bICTpO, Ii HHTepec K HeMy np05lB.'151J1H

MHorHe lllnHOHW. B CBOHX .nOHeceHHHX HeKoTopwe Ii3 HliX

BnOJlHe cnpaBe.nJlHBO YKa3I,IBaJlH, 4TO npHHIJ,HTI ra30Boro

. .nBHraTeJl51 MO>KeT 6bliTb HCnOJlb30BaH, KpoMe Toro, H B B03­

.nyxonJlaBaHHH. Bep05lTHO, HMeHHO 3TH CJlyXH, 0 KOTOpI,IX co06maIOT pa3­

JlHtjHbie HCTOpliKH, no.n.aJlH MblCJlb <ppaIIIJ,Y3CKOMY TIHCaTeJIIO )KaHy ArpeBy HanHcaTb Hay4HO-<paHTaCTH'IeCKHH pOMaH

«ABHaTOp 50HanapTa». ArpeB 06b5lCHHeT n06eJIbI HanoJleo­

Ha TeM, 4TO Oli TaHHO BJla.neJl nJlaHepOM, npHBOJIHMblM B

.nBH)KeHHe nepHOJIH'leCKHMH B3pbIBaMH. C04HHeHHe HanHca·

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pOBaHHbI~ B 1944 rOJIY.

5.

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BeCTI-IO, liTO OI-l caM c¢a6pHKOBaJI peKOMeH)].aTeJIbHble mlCbM3

o ce6e. B C}lJIY p51)].a npHlIHH B HIOJIe 1816 ro)].a 3aBO)]. OblJI

3ClKPblT. Ho BCKope Kpyrrn BHOBb OTKpblJI 3<1BO)].. B 1819 ro)].y

6bIJIH nOCTpoeHbll HOBble 3)].aHH5I. B 1823 ro)].y )].eJIa ero no­

IllClTHyJIliCb, HeCMOTp51 HCl nOJIylleHHe 3aKa3Cl OT npyccKoro

KOpOJIeBCTBa Ha IlITClMnbl 11.JI5I lleKaHKH MOHeT.

8 OKT5I6p51 1826 r. <I:>pH)].pHX Kpynn yMep B B03pacTe

39 JIeT, OCTClBHB )].OJIm npH6JIH31lTeJIbHO Ha CyMMy B 9 M.'m.

HblHeIlIHHX ¢paHKoB.

Ero CbIHY AJlbtPpe)].y, KOToporo npo3BCl.nH BnOCJIeLI.CTBIHl

nYiliellHbIM KOpOJICM, K 1834 ro)].y y)].aJIOCb C)].BHHyTb )].eJIO C

MepTBoH TOllKH. TeM He McHee ero CTClJlb Bce ell(e He MOrJIa

OaBH5ITbC51 C ClHrJlH}ICKOH. )'1'1bl y>Ke BH)].CJIH BO BTOPOH r JlCl Be,

;<al< CTpaHCTBYIOIl\Hj;'1 MeHeCTpeJlb )].OCTaBliJI B AHrJIHlO Bce

ceKpeTbI npOH3BO,lI.CTBa CTClJlH Ha KOHTHHeHTe, lIT06bI C,lI.eJIaTb

HX ,lI.OCT05lHHeM AHrJIl1H. A B 1838 ro,lI.y oTnpaBHJIC5I B-JhJH­

,lI.OH lIT06bl JlHtIHO IlIITHOHHTb 3a aHrJlHlIaHaMH, A./lbtPpen

KpYnn. Oll OCTaHOBlIJIC5I B OTeJle «Ca6JIOHbep» B JleikeCTep­

CKBepe, nocraBHB B pemCTpe OTeJI5I nO)lnHCb - A. KpHfI,

nepe,lI.eJlaB CBoe HM5I HCl ClHrJIHHCI<HH MaHep. Ope,ncr3BHTeJIb­

HbIH, xopomo O,lI.eTbIH, H3CT05l1l(HH ,lI.>KeHTJIbMeH, OH 6blJI

npHH5IT KaK B BbICllieM aHrJIHHCKOM CBeTe, TaK H B npOMbliill­

JleHHblX Kpyrax. CBoeMy 6paTy OH nHCaJI: «51 pen.KO 06e)].aJl

HJlH 3aBTpaK3iI y ce651. KaKa5l 3KOHOMH51!»

AJIb(ppe)]. Kpynn sepHyJ1C51 Ha KOHTl1HeHT C ceKpeTClMH,

KOTopble eMy y)].aJIOCb )].06brfb. Tenepb nepen HHM CT051J13

e)].HHCTBeHHa51 3a.uatIa - C)].CJlaTh TaK, lIT06bl OHYI He 6b!JIH

IrOXHlll.eHbl. n03TOMY OH CTpaCTHO yBJICKC5I )].eJIOM npOMbIW­

JleHHOH 6e30naCHOCTH, Hero ;V1O}J<H0 no npaBY CtIHTaTb OTIlOM

npOMblIlIJIeHHOH KOHTppa3Be)].KH. Kpynll npOCHJI npyccKoe

npaB~lTeJIbCTBO 065l3a1'b pa60!.fHX npHC5IraTb eMy B JI05lJ!bHOC­

TH H oc060j:j BepHOCTli. fIpyccKoe npaBHTCJlbCTBO OTKJIOIHlJ10

npocb6y, HO 31'0 He nOMelIIaJIO Kpynny 3aCTaBJI51Tb npHHO­

CHTb ell'IY npHClU'y He TOJlbKO paOOllHX, HO H IllnHOHOB, 3aCb1­

JlaeMblX K I<OHl<ypeHTaM. OH nO)].03peBClJI Bcex. 6paTy CBce­

My Kpynn nOCJIaJI CJ1e)].YIOlll.YJO CJlYiKeOHYIO 3anHcKy: «51 no­

)].03peBaKJ HOllBoro CTopomCl. OH llaCTO 6blBaeT Ha 33BO,lI.e

1l.HeM». Bce 31'0 MOiI<eT KCl3aTbC5I CMCIlIHbIM, 01l.HaKO HaLJaJIO

npOMbliIlIJlel-IHOH 6e30naCHOCTH 6blJIO nO.lJOiKeHO. HeMllaM OC­

TaBaJlOCb TOJIbKO H306peCTH reCTano, liTO 1'1 6bIJlO c)].eJIaHO

n03)].Hee. BnpOlleM, AJIb(ppe)]. Kpynn CTpa)].aJI MaHl1eH CJIy­

me6HbIX 33nHCOK, H OJlHH 1'13 ero 6j'lOrpa¢OB CLJHTaeT, !.fTO OH

l-IanHCaJl HX 30 TbIC. OH OTJlHLJaJlC5l «TporClTeJIbHOH CKpOM­

HOCTblD»: «MHe He Hy>KHO CnpaBJJ51TbC5I 0 lIeM ObI TO HH 6bl­

JIO Y feTe HJIH Koro ObI TO HH 6b!JlO.5IBcc)].eJ]a[OCa~I».XOT5I

AJIb~)pe)]. Kpynn )].yM3JI, LJTO OH Bce3HaHKa, TeM He MeHee

('My Hy>KHO 6blJlO BblKpa)].blBaTb H306peTeHH51. TaK, OH nOXH­

HIlI y O)].Horo 113 CBOI1X nOKynaTeJICH tIepTe>KH M31i1HHbl )].JIlI

H3rOTOBJIeHI151 JIO/KCK 1'1 BHJlOK.

MaKCHM3JIbHblii BHeIlIHHii IlInHOH3m, )].OBc)].eHHa51 )].0 no­

CJle11.HeH KpaiiHOCTH BHyTpCI-IH5l5l 6e30naCHOCTb - TaKOBa,

BH)].HMO, 6blJIa nporpaMM3 pa60Tbl Kpynna, KOTOpylO OH

BbInOJIH5lJI BnOJlI-Ie ycnclllHo.

24 ¢eBpClJl51 1848 r. Kpynn paCnJIaTH.lJCli co Bce!'vIH CB0I1­

MH nOJIraMH, paCCTaJIC51 co BCCMH CBOHZI'!H KOMnaHbOHaMH.

OH CTaJl e)].HHOJ1HlIHbIM c06cTBeHHHKoM epHPMbl, KOTopa51

npe13paTHJiaCb B aocoj]JoTHYIO MOHapxHlo. C ! 843 r011.3 OH

HallaJI npoH3Bo11.HTb MywKeTbI. B 1847 ro)].y OH OTJIHiI

CT3JIbl-IyW nywKY. LLo 3Toro nywKH OT.TIHBaJlHCb H3 6POH3bl

HJIH lIyrYH3. KOHelII-lo, eMy rOBOpHJIH, liTO OHa He Bbl30BeT

Hl'lTepeca. O)].HaKO Ha JlOH11.oHCK0J1 BblCTaBKe 1851 ro)].a

CTaJlbHa51 nyIllKa HMeJIa 60JIbWOH vcnex. BCKope BHlle-KO­

POJIb ErHnTa 3a Ka33J1 36 cTaJlbHb~X 'nymeK, 11pyCCH5I -:- 312. PyccKHe KyflHJIH 1,·rO)].2JIb CTaJlbHOH nyllllm, H3 I<OTOpOH np?­

I-i3BeJlH 4 TbIC. BbICTpeJlOB, a 3aTCM nOMeCTHJlH ee B My3eH.

B 1861 ro)].y y Kpynna pa60T3JIO 2 TbIC. pa60lJHx.

B !87i ro)].y, nOCJIe n06e)].bl HCl)]. tPpaHlLHeH, tIeM HCMllbI, B

orpoMI-lOt\ Mepe 06513aHbl I\pynny, tmCJIO HX COCTaBHJIO

10 TbIC. B 3TH iKe rOAbl, oTcryna51 01' CBOHX npaBHJI, Kpynn

KynUJI aHriIHAcKyKJ JlHIleH3HKJ H3 6ecceMepOBCKHH I<OHBep­

'fep ,lI.JI5I npoH3Bo)].CTBa CTaJIn. B 1867 ro.D.y no npocb6e

HallOJleOHa II I OH BbIC'faBHJI Ha Ma pCOBOM nOJle KpynHeH­

WYIO B MHpe nyLUKy --- n5lTH;leCWfHTOHHYIO. 0/-1 6blJl B03BC­)].eH B KaBClJlepbl Op)].eHa OOlleTHoro JIerHOHa. TeM He Me­

/-iee <I:>paHIlH51 He KynHJIa nyiliKH Kpynna. A BCRope ray6HIlbl

Kpyrma pa36HJIH B nyx H npax tPOPTbl MeTlla H Ce)].aHa, H

HeMllbl )].BHHyJIHCb HCl f1apmK, OKpyIKHB ero.

Kor)].3 faM6eTTa 6elliaJI H3 flapHR<Cl Ha B03)].yIlIHOM ma­

pe, AJlb¢pe,lI. Kpynn pacnop5l,lI.I1J1C5I HeMe1l.JIeI-lHO CKOHCTpy­

HponaTb 3eHHTHYIO nywKy, CTpeJlHIDIl\YIO nOllTH no BepTHKa­

JIH. 3Ta nyIllKa 6LIJIa CKOHCTpyHpoBaHa B PCKOP)].HbIH CpOK.

TaK po)].HJlaCb npOTlmOB03)].yWH351 060poHa.

B 1872 ro,lI.y Kpynn ony6.rIHKoBaJl npaBHJIa BHyTpeHHero

pacnop51)].Ka H p03)1.3JI HX CBOHM pa60LJHM. BnepBble 6blJla

JIeraJII-I30BaHa COBpeMeI-IH3S-I npOMbIW,lJeHH351 6e30nacHocTb.

Mbl MOJKeM npHBecTH cJle)].YlouWIO ¢pa3Y H3 3THX npaBHJI:

58 59

«He3aBHCHMO 01' Hs,nep)KeK rrpOHSBo,nCTI3a, He06xo,nHMO, lJTO­

6bl 3a pa60lJHM nOCT05lHHO Ha6JIIo,naJHI :meprI1lJHhle II OIlhIT­

Hble JIlO,nH, KOTopble rrOJIylJaJIH 6bl IlpeMHID BCl1KHH pas, KO­

r,na sa,nepIKHI3aJIH Ca601'a)KHlIKa, .neHT515I HJIH WIlHOHa».

B ,nonOJIHeHHHX K npaBHJ1aM, nOHBHBUIHMC5I nos,nHee,

yKaSbII38JIOCb, lJTO 3aBO,n ,nOJIlKeH npeCJIellOI3aTb H COUHaJIH­

CTOB. He06xo,nHMO npHSHaTb, liTO AJIb<ppell.Y Kpynny y,na­

JIOCb cos,naTb onpe,neJIeHHyfO «KpynnoBcKyIO an.wcepepy»,

K01'Opa51 cyweCTByeT H B HaWH ,nl-IH. O,nHOBpeMeHHO C pac­

llIHpeHHeM CBOHX CJIyIK6 WnHOHa)!{3 H I<oHTppaSI3e,nKH

Kpynn cos,naBaJI lJpe3BbllJaHHO KpynHble, xopowo OnJIalJH­

BaeMble HaYlJHO-Hcc.ne,noBaTeJIbCKl1e rpynnbL no carvlOH CBO­

eH CMepTl1 AJIb<ppe,n Kpynn, He BhlllycKaBwHH aKUI1H H He

I1MeBWH~1 KOM na HhOHOI3, OCTaBaJICH nOJIHOBJIaCTHhlM BJIa­

,nbIKOH CBoeH npOMhlWJIeHHOH HMnepHH, KOTOpyIO nepe,naJI

cBoeMy CWHy. Ero JIHlJHOe COlT05lHHe oueHHBaJIOCh nOlJTH

B 300 M.'lH. cOBpeMeHHblx eppaHKOI3. OH 6hlJI y,nOCToeH op,ne­

HOB MHOrHX CTpaH, a HaMeCTHHK CTOJIHlJHOi-i npOBHHUHH

KHTa51 J111 XYH-lJIKaH rro,napII.11 eMy Basy, BospaCT KOTOpOH HaCtIHTbIBaeT 2 TbIC. JIeT. Ero JIHlJHblH Mysel'i 6bW O,nHHM

I1S caMblX y,nHI3HTeJIbHbIIX B EBpone. Kpyrrrr rrpeycrreJI B

CBoeIvl ,neJIe, eMy rro,npa)KaJIH. OH 6blJI THnHtIHblM BOHHCT­

BeHHblM npe,nnpHHHMaTeJIeM, MaKCHMaJIbHO HCrrOJIbsYfOwHM

rrpoMhljllJIeHHblH illITHOHaIK, WIlHOHalK rrpoTHB pa60tmx H

BrrOJIHe yBepeHHo PYKOBO,n5lWHM CI30HMH saBo,naMH. O,nHaKo

!lIbl YB!1.J.HM B rJIaBe, rrOCB5IweHHOH rrepBoH MHpOBOH BOHHe,

lJTO «6POH5I 6esonacHocTH» Kpyrrna 6wJIa rrp06HTa <ppaH­

UySCKHM Wrr110HalKeM, H paCCKa)KeM, rrpH KaKHX 06CTOH­TeJlbCTBax.

A cefllJac nepel'i,neM 01' BOHHbl 3a CTaJIb K TaflHOH BoflHe

sa KaylJyK. B AMepHKe KayllyK 6blJI HSBeCTeH B TelJeHHe Thl­

C5Ilre.ne1'HH. CJlOBO «KayllyK» -. HH,neHcKoe H B rrepeBo,ne os­

HalJaeT «nJIalJywee ,nepeBO». [1epBblH rraTeHT Ha KaylJyK 6bIJI

rrOJIylJeH B Mae 1791 ro,na aHrJ1HlJaHHHOM rro HMeHH CaMfO­

3JIb nHJI.

O,nHaKo OCHOBHOH rraTeHT (Ha ByJIKaHHsaUHlo) 6bI\JI no­

JIy'leH JIHWb B ,neKa6pe 1841 ro,na aMepHKaHueM 4aPJIbSOM

fy,nbHpOM, KOTOpbIH cJIylJaflHo OTKpbIJI HBJINIHe ByJIKaHHSa­

UHH H c,neJIaJI Bce, tlTO Mor, tIT06bl coxpaHHTb CBoe OTKpbl­

THe B TafIHe. HeCMOTp51 Ha HaJIHlJHe rraTeHTa, OH HMeJI OC­

HOBaHHe orraCaTbC5I, HOO 06pa3Ubl BYJIK3HI1SHp0I3aHHOrO

l<aylJyKa, KOTopble OH rrOCJ1(IJI B AHrJIHfO, 6blJIH rrepe,naHbl

XHMHKy TOMacy XaHKyKy. nOCJIe,nHHH, omynm sarrax cepbl,

HCXO,nHWHH 01' 06pasuoI3, cyMeJI BocnpOHSBeCTH TeXHOJIOrHiD

H sarraTeHTOBaTb ee. O,nHaKO OH OCTaJICH B KaKOH-TO CTeneHH:

,n)KeHTJIbMeHOM H rrpl13HaJI, tlTO npHopHTeT rrpHHa,nJIeIKHT

fy,nbHPY. 3Toro HeJIbSH CKasaTb 06 aMepl1KaHCKHx wrrHO­

Hax H rrHpaTax, KOTopble He pas rrOXHwaJIH MeTO,n 4apJIb3a

fy,nbl1pa.

B pesyJIbTaTe 6eCKOHelJHOH TH)K6bl fy,nbl1p ,n06HJICH

npo,nJIeHHH cpOKa ,neHCTBI151 CBoero rraTeHTa ewe Ha ceMb JIeT

HalJHHaH C HIOH5I 1858 ro,na, I<or,na ero CpOK ,nOJIIKeH 6blJl

HCTelJb. fy,nbl1 P yMep 13 1860 ro,ny, OCTaBHB ,nOJIrOB Ha CyM­

My 995 TbIC. <ppaHKoB Toro I3peMeIIH.

KaylJyKoBa51 rrpOMbllWJIeHIiOCTb rrpeBpaTHJIaCb B 30JIOTOe

,nHO ,nJIH wrrHOHOB, H, HecMoTpH Ha Bce Mepbl npe,nocTOpO)Ko

HOCTH, 6blJIO rrOXHweHO OKOJIO ,neC5ITKa ceKpe1'HblX <pOpMyJl

ByJIKaHH3aUHH, HarrOJIHHTeJIeii H 06pa60TKH KaylJyKa. Kay­

lJyKoBaH rrpOMblWJIeHHOCTb pa3I3HBaJIaCb TaK 6bICTpO, liTO

OCT pO BCTa13aJI Bonpoc 06 HCTOlIHHKax Cblpb5l. I1MeHHo B

:>1'0 BpeM5I aHrJIHHCKoMy aBaHTlOpHcTy H wnHoHy I'eHpH

BHKX3MY y,naJIOCb HeJIeraJIbHO BbII3eSTH HS DpaSHJIHH B

AHrJIHIO ceMeHa reBeH.

BHKX3M BHalJaJIe cyMeJI ,n06paTbc5I ,nO rrJIaTO TarraIKoc­

paHoHa 5paSHJIHI1, KOTOpblH VI B HaWH ,nHI1 OCTaeTC5I OlJeHb

MaJIOH3YlJeHHbIM, a B Te BpeMeHa 6blJI npaKTHlJeCKH cOBep­

weHHO HeHSBe,naHHbIM.

C06paB TaM 60JIbWOe KOJIHlJeCTBO ceM5IH, BHKX3M Bep­

HyJIC5I Ha 6paSHJIbCKOe rr06epe)Kbe. Do ClJaCTJIHBOH CJIylJaH­

HOCTH B:>TO IKe BpeM5I oTTyna B03BpawaJIC5I nopoIKHHKOM r. AHrJIHIO HOBeHwHH aHrJIHHCKHH napoxo,n. BHKX.3MY y,naJIOCb

rrorpY3HTb ceMeHa, He HaBJIeKa51 Ha ce6H no,nospeHHH 6pa­

SHJlbCKHX BJI3CTefI. DOCJIe,nHHM OH 06b5lCHI1JI, liTO rrepeBOSHT

ceMeHa lJpeSBbllJaHHO npHXOTJII1BblX BH,nOB paCTeHI1H nJIH

J1 OI-J,nOHCKoro 60Ta HHlJeCKOrO ca,na. DJI a ro,na pH BMemaTeJI b­

CTBy aHrJIHHCKOro Koi-IcyJIa norpY3K3 6bliJIa npoHsBe,neHa

6ecnperrHTcTBeHHo.

7 TbIC. ceMHH BHalJaJIe 6blJIH rrocaIKeHbl B 60TaHHlJeCKOM

ca,ny. 3 aTeM caIKeHUbl 6bI,JHI BblBeseHbl H a KKJII1MaTI1SHpona·

Hbl Ha OCTpOBe UeHJIOH, a saTeM Ha 60pHeo H B MaJIaHe.

3TH nJIaH1'aUHH 51BIIJII1Cb HCTOlJHHKOM npOUBeTaHI1H 3THX

CTpaH. DpOH,noxa BHKX3M rrOJIylJHJI ,nBOp5lHCKHM THTyJI, lJTO

pe,nKO CJIYlJaJIOCq CO wrrHOHaMII.

HeKOTopble aBaHTlOpbl TaKoro po,na H Hap5l,ny C HI1MH 6ec­

rrJIo,nHOCTb Mep oxpaHbl npOMblWJIeHHOCTH crroc06CTBOB3JIH

cos,naHHIO OC06blX opraHoB 06eCnelJeHI15I 6esorracHocTH H

cneUl1aJIHSHpOBaHHbllx areIiTCTB, B TOM lJHCJIe O)~HOrO I1S nH­

TJ1 «rJIaBI-IbIX» - aMepHKaIJCKOro arel-ITcnJa DI1lJI(epTona.

60 01

AreHTCTEO nHHKepTOHa npHo6peJIo H3SeCTHOCTb 6JIaro­

,lI.ap51 nOCB5ImeHHbIM ero ,lI.eHTeJIbHOCTH ,ll,ellleBblM pOMaHaM,

nOHBHBIllHMCH 13 KOHL~e XIX seK3. Ero nO,lI.JIHIHIa51 HCTOpH5I

Ky,lI.a 60JIee y,lI.HBHTeJIbHa. AJIelIa DHHKepToHa 33Bep60BClJI

npe3H.n.eHT nHHKOJ!bH.n.O rpalK,lI.3HCIWH BOrmbl, nopY4HB eMy

opraHH30BaTb pa3se,UblB8TeJIbHYIO CJIy1K6y. OH CTaJI PYKOBO~ ,lI.HTeJIeM pa3Be,lI.KH H KOl-ITP pa3Be.n.KH CeSep5lH. f10,lI. nceB,lI.O­

HHMOM «AJIeH» OH BonBOpH,,1C5I H3 1-H yJIHue B BaWHHrTOHe

H nOJIOIKHJI HalJaJIO epoTorpa(!nlllecKoMY wnHoHalKy. OH OKa­

3aJI TaKl1e yCJIym cesepHHaM, 4TO, 6e3 lJpe3MepHoro npeyse·

JIHlJeHH5I, MOIKHO 6blJIO rOBopHTb, lJTO OHH BblHrpaJIH BOi:'IHY

6JIarOnapH eMY. Eme no Toro KaK 6bITb 3asep60BaHHblM

nHHKO,TIbHOM, nHHKepToH 06paTHJI Ha ceoS! BHHMaHHe TeM,

4TO pa306JIalJaJI onaCHOCTb cenapaTHcTcKoro .n.BH)I{eHI1H, op­

raHH30saHHoro IOlKaHaMH -- CTOpoHHHKaMH coXpaHeH!151

pa6cTBa. OH nOJIy4HJI 3TH CBenCHHH BO BpeMH KpynHoii one­

paUHl1 no npOMbIIll.TIeHHOH KOHTppa3Be,ilKe, Kor,lI.a opy,lI.OBaJI

B 4HKaro. nHHKepTOH 6blJI npnrJIaWeH K npe3H,lI.eHTy KpynHoH IKe­

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HaMepeBalOTC5I pHHyTbC5I Ha )l{eJIe3HbIe )J.opom, nYCTHTb KO

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B 5IHBape 1861 rO,lI.a, KaK pa3 HaKaHyHe BOHHbl.

nHHKCOTOH npOBeJI paccJIe.n.oBal-II1e B I3aJITHMOpe H Bo­

130M OpJIe'eiHe. Pe3YJIbTaTbI OK"'·3aJIHCb 13 BbICWe!1 CTeneIlH

TpeBOIKHIiMH. MaJIo Toro, 4TO CYIueCTBOB3JI 3arOBOp, HO cy­

meCTBOBaJI TaK)I{e - y)l(e Tor.n.a! - nJ1aH y6HHcTBa ABpa­

aMa nHHKOJIbH8. Y6HilcTBO ero 'u0JI)!<H0 6bIJIO nOCJIy/KHTb

CHrHaJIOM K YHH4TOI!(eHHIO MOCTOB (60J!bWHHCTBO H3 HHX

6blJIO ,lI.epeBHHHbIMH. H HX JIefl<o 6blJIO n01VKellb) , nOJLBI·Dl{­

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HbIH WnHOHa)l{ H KOIITppa3se.n.K8 n03BOJIHJIH paCKpWI"b 06­

WHPHblI~i [lOJIHTHt~eCKHH 3arOBOp H BoopY/KeHHbiH M5ITe)K.

KOTopble nO.TIIKHbI 6bIJIH npHBecTH K y)l{acHoii rpa)K,il3HCKOi1

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21 epeBpaJIH 1861 r. B ¢HJIa,lI.e,,1blpHH nl1HKOnbH 3acny­

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B TO)l{e Bpe/vi51 TaKyI{) )l{e IiHepoprvtaUHIO Y,lI.aJIOCb coopaTb

rJlaBe HblO-HOpKCKOH rocy,lI.apCTBeHHoH nOJIHUHH I(eHlIe,lI.H 11

YBe.n.Ol\1HTb nHHKCJIbHa.

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rp5lHyJIa rpail{,lI.aHCK351 Boi:'lHa.

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KOTopaH BO BpeMH BTOPOH MHpOBOH BOIlHbl rroKyrraJla y .nH­

7Z

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.noporo!

B npoQecce pa60Tbl Ha.n 3TOH KHHrOH MHOH He 6blJlO HaH­

.neHO HH o.nHoro .nOKa3aTeJlbCTBa y6HHcTBa KaKOrO-JlH60 H30­

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cJlytlae .n.06HTbCSI rra.n.eHHH Kypca ee aKQHH. 3.nHCOH B

CBOHX MeMyapax paCCKa3bIBaeT. KaK <pHHaHCHCT fYJlb.n rrpo­CHJI ero 060HTH rraTeHTbl «BeCTepH IOHHOH KOMrraHH», KOTO­

paSi 3arraTeHTOBaJla Bce B03MO)KHble ¢OPMbl 3J1eKTpOMarHHT­

f1oro peJle. 3.nHCOH OTKpbIJl, tlTO BJla)KHbIH MeJl HMeeT

K03<p<pHQHeHT TpeHHH, KOTOpblH 3HatlHTeJlbHO CHH)KaeTCH,

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TOPM03HTCSI MeJlOM, CKOJlb3HT, Kor.n.a tlepe3 MeJl nporrycKaeT­

CSI 3J1eKTpHtleCKHH TOK. 3TO OTKpbITHe rr03BOJlHJlO fyJlb.ny

06'bSIBHTb, tlTO MOHOnOJlH.H «BeCTepH !OHHOH» rrpHWeJl KOHeQ,

H ycrrewHo HrpaTb Ha nOHH)KeHHH Kypca ee aKQHH Ha HbIO­

HOpKCKOH 6Hp)Ke.

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SIBKH KOMnaHHefI «BeCTepH IOHHOH», H, MO)KeT 6bITb, 6blJlO

6bl HeCKpOMHO CllpawHBaTb, KaKHM 06pa30M OH 3TO c.n.eJlaJl.

3TOT rrpHMep nOKa3bIBaeT, tlTO C KOHQa XIX BeKa npo­

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Kpa.n.blBaHHe <pOpMyJl H MeTo.nOB, HO H Ha Bbl5IBJleHHe 3aSIBOK

Ha rroJlytleHHe naTeHTOB, c.u.e.'laHHbIX KOMrraHHSIMH. KCTaTH

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B 3al.J.I.HTY CBOHX HHTepeCOB, H OH He pa3 rrpOTeCTOBaJl npo­

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BblSIBJleHHe H306peTaTellefI Ii Me.TJKHX Jla60paTopHH, TeprrSI­

78

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Ha yrp03Y HeMeUKHX no.u.BO.u.HbIX J10.u.OK 06paTHJ1 BHHMa­

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B pyKH COlO3HHKOB 06JIOMKH c6HToro Ha.n AHrJIHeH uenneJIH­

Ha, KOTOpblH lIaCTHliHO 6blJI nOCTpoeH H3 HOBoro CnJIaBa:

.nlOpaJIIOMHHHH. TOTliac B fepMaHHIO 3aCJIaJIH UInHOHOB .nJI5I BbIHCHeHHH TeXHOJIOrHH npOH3BOnCTBa HOBoro cnJIaBa.

13 OKTH6pH 1912 r. rpa¢ UennemlH cOBepWHJI npo.nOJI­

JKHTeJIbHbl? HCnbITaTeJIbHblM nOJIeT. nOJIeT npoxo.nHJI lIa.n

fepMaHHeH, HO BCKope nOCJIe 9Toro HallaJIH BH.neTh uenneJIH­

4· 83

libI Ha,n AHrJlHeH. BbIJla JlI1 9TO KOJlJleKTHBHa5I raJlJlIQUHHa­

UH5I HJlH nepBoe n05lBJleHHe Toro, 'ITO Tenepb Ha3bIBaIQT

«Heon03HaHHbIMH JleTalOillHMH npe,nMeTaMH», Tpy,nHO CKa­

3aTb. O,nHaKO B 1913 ro,ny H ,no Ha'laJIa BOHHbI B 1914 ro,ny

Ha,n AHrJlHeH BH,neJlH uenneJlHHbI-npH3paKH, H, HeCOMHeHHO,

OHH He 6bIJlH repMaHCKoro npOHCXO)K,neHH5I. 3TO npHBJleKJlO

K ce6e BHHMaHHe, H aHrJlHIkKHe pa3Be,nbIBaTeJlbHbIe opraHbI

CTaJlH np05lBJl5ITb Bce 60JlbWHH HHTepec K 3aBo,naM <I>pH.n­

pHxcxa<peHa H MaHreHMa-PeHHay, r.n.e CTPOHJlH uenneJlHHb!.

OCHOBHbIM ceKpeTOM npOH3Bo,ncTBa 6bIJI ,nlQpaJlIQMHHHH,

o,nHaKO HMeJlH 60JlbWOe 3Ha'leHHe H ,npyrHe TeXHH'IeCKHe

ceKpeTbI, B '1aCTHOCTH HCnOJlb30BaHHbIe KJleH H repMeTH­

3aUH5I.

21 H05l6p51 1914 ~ aHrJlHHCKa51 aBHaUH5I no,nBeprJla 60M­

6ap,nHpoBKe <I>pH,npHxcxa<peH. rIo HaWHM MaCWTa6aM­

60M6ap.nHpoBKa cOBepweHHo He3Ha'lHTeJlbHa5l: H3 BeJlb<popa

BbIJleTeJlH 3 6HnJlaHa C '1eTbIpbM5I 10-KHJlorpaMMoBbIMH 60M­

6aMH B Ka)K,nOM. Bce )Ke pa3pyweHH5I 6bIJlH 3Ha'lHTeJlbHbI,

HO O,nHH CaMOJleT 6bIJI C6HT. Bo BpeM51 nepeJleTa 6bIJla Hapy­

weHa wBeHuapCKa51 rpaHHua, a npOTeCTbI LUBeHuapHH 6bIJlH

HaCTOJlbKO pe3KHMH, 'ITO HaJleTbI npeKpaTHJlHCb. 15 ,neKa6p51

1914 r. HOBbIH uenneJlHH-n pH3paK n05lBHJlC5I Ha.n AHrJlHeH.

J1 9TOT He 6bIjI repMaHCKHM, o.nHaKO, nOCKO.TIbKY Ha CJle,nYIO­

illHH ,AeHb repMaHCKHH <pJlOT nO,ABepr 60M6ap.nHpOBKe TpH aHrJlHHCKHX nopTa - XapTJlnyJl, YHTOH H CKap60po, B AHr­

JlHH peWHJlH, 'ITO 9TO 6bIJla pa3Be.nKa. Ha P0)K.n.eCTBO TOrO)Ke

ro,na aHrJlHHCKHe rH.npocaMOJleTbI no,nBeprJlH 60M6ap.nHpOB­

Ke 6a3bI uenneJlHHOB.

HacT05lWHe uenneJlHHbI BnepBbIe 60M6ap,AHpOBaJlH AHr­

JlHIQ B HO'lb Ha 20 5IHBap51 1915 r. fepMaHCKa51 ne'laTb noro­

BapHBaJla 0 nOJlHOM YHH'ITO)KeHHH AHrJlHH nOCpe,ACTBOM B03­

.nYWHbIX 60M6ap,AHpOBOK. HeCKOJlbKO 60M6 6bIJlO c6poweHo

H Ha KaJle. 3aTeM HacTynHJla O'lepe,Ab J1oH.noHa H rIapH)Ka.

CTaJlH rOBopHTb 0 )KeJlaTeJlbHOCTH npOH3BO,ACTBa uennenH­

HOB, HO He 6bIJI H3BeCTeH npouecc nJlaBKH ,AlQpaJlIQMHHH5I, a

6e3 9Toro HH'Iero HeJlb351 6bIJlO ClleJlaTb.

He HMe51 B03MO)KHOCTH BocnpOH3BeCTH uenneJlHH, nblTa­

JlHCb H306pecTH HOBoe ceKpeTHoe opy>KHe, KOTOpblM MO)KHO

6blJlO 6bl YHH'ITO)KaTb uenneJlHHbI. B '1aCTHOCTH ynpaBJl5Ie­

Mble no pa,nHo TOpne,Abl H Jly'lH cMepTH.

Bce 9TO He .naJlo OW.yTHMbIX pe3yJlbTaTOB, a 60M6ap,nH­

pOBKH npo,nOJl)KaJlHcb. OHH He BhI3bIBaJlH 60JlbWHX pa3pywe­

HHH. CaMblH 60JlbWOH ywep6, KOTOpbIH OHH HaHeCJlH, - 9TO

YHH'ITO)Kemle orpOMHbIX 3anaCOB BHCKH B J1eHTe!

84

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601'0 3Ha'leHH5I. HeMUbI )Ke, Ha060poT, B35IJlH 3a 06hIKHoBe­

HHe HaCTOJlbKO pa3,nyBaTb CHO.nKH, 'ITO Ha'laJlH caMH cepbe3­

HO BepHTb B B03MO)KHOCTb YHH'ITO)KeHH5I AHrJlHH C nOMOWblQ

uenneJlHHOB. B 1916 ro,ny aHrJlH'IaHe B nOHCKax ceKpenIOro 0PY)KH5I

npOTHB UenneJlHHOB HaWJ!H .nBa BH.na Opy)KH5I, KOTopble HC­

nbITaJlH o,nUOBpeMeHHO. BaKHHreM H306peJl <pOC<pOPHYIQ 3a·

)KHraTeJlbHYIO nyJlIo, a MaHOp BPOK - pa3pbIBHyIQ nYJIlo.

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pbIBHbIMH nYJI51MH np06HBaTb )KeCTKYIO 060JIO'lKy uenn;JIH­Ha a 3a)KHraTeJIbHbIMH - BOcnJIaMeH5ITb BbIXO,nHBillHH H3

np~6HTOH 060JIO'lKH BO.nOPO,n. 3TO 6bIJlO KaTaCTpO<pOH .nJI5I

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MH». 3a nepBbIH C6HTblH TaKHM 06pa30M UenneJIHH aHrJIH'Ia­

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llinHOHa)K BOKpyr 6a3 l~enneJIHHOB YCHJlHJlC5I ,no TaKOH

CTeneHH, 'ITO B aBrycTe 1916 ro.na KOMau.nHp 9cKa.npHJIbH

uenneJIHHOB MaHop lliTpaccep 3anpeTHJI KOMaH.nHpaM uen­

neJlHHOB 06Cy)K.naTb CBOH onepaTHBHbIe nJIaHbI C '1JIeHaMH

3KHna)Ka HJlH o<pHuepaMH Ha3eMHoH apMHH, KOTopble oxpa­

H5IJlH 6a3bl. HecMoTp51 Ha 9TH MepbI npe.nOCTOpO)KHOCTH,

aHrJIH'IaHe npO,AOJI)KaJlH nOJIy'laTb CBe.neHH5I 0 BblJleTaX uen­

neJIHHOB. XOTeJlOCb 6bI 3HllTb - KaKHM 06pa30M? O.nHaKO

cnYCT5I H 50 JIeT 1l0CJle 3THX C06blTHH I1HTeJlJlH.n)KeHC cepBHC

Bce eille xpaHHT CBOH ceKpeTLI. Ho TOT <paKT, 'ITO J10H,nOHy

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MbIH 60JIblllOll HaJIeT 3a Bce BpeM5I BOHHbI. TPH UenneJlHHa

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Ha 9TO HeMUbI Ha'laJlH CTpOHTb l~enneJIHHbI, nO,AHHMaBlllHeC5I

Ha 60JlblllyIQ BbICOTy. Ha nepBblH nJlaH BbI.nBHHYJlHCb np06­

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HHe KOCMoca: KOHcTpyHpoBaHHe pecnHpaTopoB, HCKyccTBeH­

Ha51 aTMoc<pepa B pe3epByapax C)KH)KeHHOrO B03.nyxa, a T8K­

)Ke np06JIeMbI a9poHaBHraUHH, KOTopble OCJIO)KH5IJIHCb

BCJIe,ACTBHe HecoBepweHcTBa ynpaBJIeHH5I no pa,nHQ B TO

BpeMSI. BOJlbllle Toro, aHrJIH'IaHe 6bICTpO yCTaHOBHJIH '1aCTO­

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81S

uenneJllmaMH, H OJIarO.uapH 9TOMy CMOrJIH nnOCJIe.uCTBHH

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3TOT HOBWH cnocoo Be.ueHI1H BOHHW 03HaMeHOBaJICH B

1917 ro.uy OOJIbIllI1M ycnexoM HaYllHbIx OT.ueJIOB HHTeJIJII1)J,­

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nenneJIHHOB no HX pa.ul1onepe.uallaM, OJIaro.uapH '-IeMy uenne­

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CaMOJIeTbI, CneUHaJIbHO ooopy.uOBaHHbIe .uJIH OOPbObI C uen­

neJII1HaMI1, B Te'-leHl1e OOJlblJJeH '-IaCTI1 1917 ro.ua OCTaBaJIHCb

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JIHHOB paCKpbIJIH. 24 MaH 1917 r. uenneJIHH «J1-49», yueJIeB­

UIHH nOCJIe aTaKH, npH3eMJIHJICH B BYPoOH-JIe-B9H H ObIJI

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nOCTpOHJIH .uHpll)l{aOJIb )l{eCTKOH CHCTeMbI «IlleHaH.uoa»,

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noro ooeBoro npHKasa H saKo.ul1pOBallHbIX .uOKyMeHToB, KO­

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K MaccoBoMy YHHlITO)l{eHHIO repMaHCKHX n0.uBo.uHbIX JIO.uOK.

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CKOJIbKY caMH He B COCTOHHHII ObIJIH c.ueJIaTb :lTO.

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aMepHKaHCKHM opraHaM He Y.ll.aJIOCb .lI.OKa3aTb BHHOBHOCTb

HeMueB B 3HaMeHHTOM 133pblBe rHraHTCi<oro CKJIa.ll.a 60errpH­

naCOB BJI3K TOM B HblO-,Q>KepCH. Ha30BeM HM5l aMepHKaHcKoro .lI.eTeKTHBa, KOTOpblH co­

BeplllHJI 3TY H3YMHTeJIbHYlO onepaUHIo C >KypHaJIaMH: MaHop

AMOC nH3JIH, BbIIIOJIH5IBlllHH KOH<pH.lI.eHUHaJIbHble 3a.uaHH5l

npH lllTa6e reHepaJIa neplllHHra. TeM >Ke aMepHKaHcKHM opraHaM Y.ll.aJIOCb B 1915 ro.uy,

KOf.ua fepMaHH5I H CIllA e/lle He HaXO)I.HJIHCh B COCT05IHHH

BOHHbl; nOXHTHTb rropT<peJib KpymIOro HeMeUKoro areHTa B

93

HblO-P!opKe .nOKTOpa reHpHXa Allb6epTa. B nopTlpeJle reH­

pHXa AJlb6epTa HaXo.nHJlOCb Ba)l{Heihuee .nOCbe npOMblllIJleH­

Horo llInHOHa)l{a, Kor.na-JlH60 COCTaBJleHHOe B MHpHoe Bpe­M5I. B HeM HallIJlH:

- npoeKT MOHOnOJlH3aUHH Bcero aMepHKaHCKoro npOH3­

Bo.nCTBa lliH.nKoro XJlopa, HcnOJlb3yeMoro B repMaHliH .nJlH

npOH3Bo.nCTBa y.nYllIalOlll,HX OTpaBJIHIOlll,HX Belll,eCTB;

- npoeKT TaiiHoii nOKylll<H 3aBO,QOB 60enpHnaCOB, KOTO­

pbJe npHHHMaJiH 6bl BnOCJIe.nCTBHH 3aKa3bl .nJlH COlO3HHKOB,

HO He nOCTaBJlHJlH 6bl HM CBOIO npo.nyKUHIO;

- npoeKT npe.nOTBpalll,eHHH B03MO)l{HOCTH pa60TbI H3Be­

CTHOii aBHaUHOHHoii KaMnaHHH «PaiiT» Ha COI03HHKOB;

- npoeKT TpeCTHpOBaHH5I Bcero npOH3Bo.nCTBa XJlOnKa

Ha lore ClllA H pe3epBHpoBaHHH ero .nJlH repMaHHH Ha npe.n­

MeT npOH3Bo.nCTBa 6e3.nblMHoro nopoxa.

DblJlH H .npyrHe y.nHBHTeJlbHO Tlll,aTeJlbHO no.nrOTOBJleH­

Hble .nOCbe B 3TOM nopnpeJle.

CTpaHHaH Belll,b: .nOKTOp AJlb6epT, BH.nHMO, He no.n03pe­

BaJl, 'ITO ero nopTepeJib 6blJl nOXHlll,eH aMepHKaHCKHMH KOHTppa3Be.nqHKaMH. OH nOMeCTHJI 06'bHBJleHHe B «HblO­

YlOpK TeJlerpaMM», B KOTOpOM co06lll,aJlOCb 06 YTepe nopT­

epeJiH. TOMy, KTO .nOCTaBHT nopTepeJib BJla.neJlbUY, 06elll,aJlOCb

B03Harpa)l{.neHHe B 20 .nOJlJl. - MH3epHaH cYMMa. MO)l{eT

6blTb, o.nHaKO, OH He XOTeJl 06paTHTb Ha ce6H BHHMaHHe

npe.nJlO)l{eHHeM CJlHllIKOM KpynHoro B03Harpa)l{.neHHH, a MO­

)l{eT 6blTb, nO,Q06HO areHTaM, 0 KOTOpblX Mbl TOJlbKO 'ITO rOBOpHJlH, CqHTaJl, 'ITO Ba)l{HO yMeTb 3KOHOMHTb H na

MaJlOM.

OCMOTp ero nopTepeJiH nOKa3aJl MaCllITa6hl H 3epepeKTHB­

HOCTh repMaHCKoro npOMhlllIJleHHOrO llInHOHa)l{a B ClllA.

3 a BceMH 3aBo.naMH, KOTophle MOl'JlH npe.nCTaBJlHTh XOTh

KaKOii-JlH60 HHTepec .nJlH repMaHHH, BeJiaCh MeTo.nHqeCKaH

CJle)l{Ka. n03TOMY Kor.na 3TH 3aBo.nhl CTaJiH O.nHH 3a .npy­

rHM B3pbIBaThCH, B03HHKJlO no.n03peHHe, lITO HeMUhl nepellIJiH

OT 3Tana npOMhlllIJleHHOrO llIllHOHa)l{a K cJle.nYlOlUeMY 3Ta­

ny - .nHBepCHHM. B caMOM .neJle, B ClllA CYlll,eCTBOBaJia

orpOMHaH .nHBepCHOHHaH ceTh, opraHH30BaHHaH TaiiHhlM

areHTOM epOH PHHTeJleHOM, npH6hlBllIHM B HhlO-HoPK B anpe­

Jle 1917 ro.na C llIBeiiuapcKHM nacnopToM Ha HMH 3MHJlH

rellIe. 3Ta ceTh HCnOJlh30BaJia 60MObl lllJlee - HeMeUKoe

H306peTeHHe, npHBo.nHMoe B .neHcTBHe He qaCOBblM MexaHH3­

MOM, KOTOphlH MO)l{eT pa3J1a.n.HThCH, a cepHOl1 KHCJlOTOH,

pa3'be.nalOlll,eH Me.nHhlH .nHCK (aBTOp nOH KHHrH H3rOTODJlHJI

TWCHqaMH 3TH CHap5l.nw BO BpeMH BTOPOH MHpOBOH BOHH~

94

H MO)l{eT 3aCBH.neTeJlbCTBOBaTb, 'ITO OHH .neilcTBylOT npeBO­

CXo.nHO) • DOM6aMH lllJlee 6b1J1o pa3pYllIeHo MHoro 3aBo.nOB H yHH'I­

TO)l{eHO HeCKOJlhKO .neCHTKOB aHrJlHHCKHX H aMepHKaHcKHx

cy.nOB H cy.noB HeHTpaJlhHhlX CTpaH. PHHTeJleH 6blJl apeCTO­

BaH Ha 60pTy cy.nHa, Ha KOTOpOM OH nJlhlJl B rOJlJl a H.nH 10.

BHaqaJle OH yTBep)l{.naJl, 'ITO HBJlHeTCH llIBeiiuapueM, o.nHaKO,

Kor.na O.nHH H3 .nonpallIHBalOlll,HX ero 06paTHJlCH K HeMy no­

HeMeUKH, 06BHHHeMhlii B3HJl no.n K03hlpeK. 3TO BoeHHoe npH­

BeTCTBHe Bhl.naJlO ero C rOJloBoii. OH .noJiro CH.neJl B aMepH­

KaHCKHX TlOphMax, H60 aHrJlHqaHe Bhl.naJiH ero aMepHKaH­

uaM. 3aTeM eMy 6hlJlO pa3pellIeHO )l{HTh B AHrJlHH. Bo BpeMH

BTOPOH MHpOBOii BoiiHW OH BWCTynaJi npOTHB rHTJlepa H

OKa3aJl yCJlyrH COl03HHKaM. B 1949 ro.ny ero HallIJiH MepT­

BhlM B JlOH.nOHCKOM MeTpo. CBe.neHHH 0 .nHBepCHHX, co.nep)l{a­

lll,HeCH B ero KHHre BocnoMHHaHHii «HeBH.nHMhlii Bpar», 6hlJlH

HCnOJlb30BaHhl HapH.ny C .npyrHMH HCTO'IHHKaMH aBTopOM Ha­

CTOHlll,eii pa60Tbl npH COCTaBJleHHH «nOC06HH .nJlH H.neaJlhHO­

1'0 .nHBepcaHTa», KOTopoe 6blJlO llIHpOKO HCnOJlb30BaHO COI03­HHKaMH BO BpeMH BOHHbl H nepeBe.neHo Ha 30 H3hlKOB. Ho

3TO, KaK rOBopHTCH, HCTOpHH, KOTopaH, MO)l{eT 6bITh, 6y.neT

npe.nMeToM .npyroH KHHrH.

6 rJIABA

EBPOIIA B IIEPHO,ll; MEm,ll;Y ,ll;BYMH

MHPOBbIMH BORHAMH

'_1 npOTHBOnOJlO)l{HOCTh TOMy,. 'ITO np~: ~ H30llIJlO BO BpeMH nepBOH MHpOBOH

BoiiHbl 1914-1918 ro.nOB, repMaHHH

He npHllIJlOCb nOCTpa.naTb OT nOTepH CBOHX npOMhlllIJleHHhlX

ceKpeTOB BO BpeMH H nocJle BToPOH MHpOBOH BOHHhI. YCJlOBHH nepeMHpHH He 06H3blBaJiH repMaHHIO Bhl.naTb

3TH ceKpeTbl, HO TeM He MeHee HeMlJ,hl OTBeqaJlH COI03HH'Ie­

CKHM oepHuepaM, B03rJlaBJlHBllIHM KOHTPOJlhHble KOMHCCHH,

Ha Bce HHTepeCOBaBllIHe nOCJle.nHHX BOnpOCbI. 3TH KOMHCCHH

06Hapy)l{HJlH OqeHb HHTepeCHble epaKThI. TaK, HaKOHeu 6hlJlO

06'b5lCHeHO KJleHMO «KP-96j04», 06Hapy)l{eHHoe Ha HeKOTO­

pblX CHapH.nax. 3TO KJleHMO CTaBHJlOCh Ha CHapH,Qax, KOTO­

pble H3rOTOBJlHJlHCb no JlHUt:H3HH Kpynna B AHrJlHH KOMna­

95

HHeH «BHKKepC». nOCJIe,UH5I5I, KaK rOBOpHJIH B TO BpeM5I, 3a­

nJIaTHJIa Kpynny nOCJIe nepeMHpH5I orpoMHylO CyMMy 3a

JIHueH3HIO. TaKHM 06pa30M, Kpynn nOJIy4HJI ,UeHbfH 3a KpOBb CBOHX COOTeqeCTBeHHHKOB - HeMeUKHX COJI,UaT, y6HTblX H30­

6peTeHHblMH HM CHap5l,UaMI1. Bnp04eM, BCe, B TOM 4HCJIe 11

HeMUbl, HaWJIH no BnOJIHe eCTeCTseHHbIM.

KCTaTH, KaK BbI5lCHH.TJOCb n03,UHee, 6POH5I aHrJIHHCKHX 6pOHeHocueB TaK)I{e H3rOTOBJI5IJIaCb no JIHueH3HH Kpynna.

Ee Ka4eCTBa OKa3aJIHCb npeBOCXO,UHbIMH, 11 OHH npeKpaCHO

Bbl,Uep)l{HBaJIH y,Uapbl HeMeUKHX CHap5l,UOB. B BepCaJIbCKOM

,UorOBope Kpynn 6blJI Ha3BaH BOeHHblM npecTynHHKOM, HO

npOTHB Hero He 6blJIO B036y)l{,UeHO npeCJIe'uOBaHH5I.

KpynHblH ToprOBeu nywKaMH, KOTOpblH 8 1919 ro,Uy HMeJI

npaBo npoH3Bo,UHTb Bcero 'IeTblpe nYWKH B ro,U, ,Ua H TO ,UJI5I

BHyTpeHHero ynoTpe6JIeHI151 (HenOH5ITHO, 'ITO 03HalJaeT ,UJI5I

«BHyTpeHHero ynoTpe6JIeHH5I»,- Bep05lTHO, ,UJI5I CTpeJIb6bl

KapTelJblO no 6yHToBUlHKaM. Tpe6ylOluHM xJIe6a), nbITaJIC5I

nepeCTpOI1TbC5I 11 npl1CnOC0611Tb ,UJI5I npHMeHeHH5I B MHpHbIX

YCJIOBH5IX H306peTeHH5I, KOTophle 6blJIH c,neJIaHbI BO BpeM5I

BOHHbI H KOTOpbIX 3HeprHlJHO ,UOHCKHSaJIHCb wnHOHbI ,UPYfHX CTpaH.

K 411CJIy 3THX 11306peTeI-IHH OTHOCI1TC5I CTaJIb «2A». OHa

6bIJIa H3rOTOBJIeHa ,UJI5I nyweK, KOTopble YCTaHaBJII1BaJII1Cb

lIa naJIy63x nO,UBo,UHbIX JIO,UOK. CosepweHHO He p)l{aBelOw.a51

CT3JIb «2A» OKa3aJIaCb npl1rO,UHOH ,UJI5I H3rOTOBJIeHH5I xl1pyp­

rl1'leCKHX I1HcTpyMeHToB 11 HO)l{eBbIX TosapOB.

B 51Hsape 1923 ro,Ua Kpynn nepeMeCTHJI B cBepxceKpeT­

HblH TaHHHK Bce CBOH ,UOCbe, OTHOC5Iill,HeC5I K TeXHOJIOfHlJe­

CKI1M npoueccaM H HCCJIe,UOBaTeJlbCKI1M pa60TaM . .lleJIo B

TOM, 'ITO HeMeUKa51 pa3Be,UKa npe,Uynpe,UHJIa Kpynna, 'ITO eppaHUy3bl c06Hpa1OTC5I oKKynHpoBaTb Pyp.

.lleHCTBHTeJIbHO, eppaHUy3bl npl16blJIH 11 51HBap51 1923 r. Ha SHJIJIy XIOreJIb, HO ,UOChe K 3TOMy BpeMeHH y)l{e 6blJIH ne­peSe3eHbi.

31 MapTa B pe3YJIbTaTe npOBOKaHHH eppaHuy3cKHe BOH­

CKa OTKpblJIH orOHb no pa60 l lHM Kpynna. 13 lJeJIOBeK 6blJIH

y6HTbl, 40 - paHeHbi. nOXOpOHbI npH CBeTe <jJaKeJIOS H no,U

neHHe naTpHoTH4ecKHx neceH 51BHJIHCb npo06pa30M 6Y,UYUlHX

fHTJIepOBCKHX C60pHUl. <I:>paHUy3bl apeCTOBaJIH fycTaJ3a

Kpynna. BoeHHbIH Tpv.6yHaJI npHrOBOpHJI ero K 15 ro,UaM

TlOpbMbl H K wTpa<jJy B 100 MJIH. ¢paHKoB. OH 6blJI 3aKJlJO­

4eH B ,UIOcCeJIb,Uop<jJCKYIO TIOPbMY; H3 OKHa KaMepbl, B KOTO­

POM OH Haxo,UHJICH, oTKpbIBaJIC5I npeKpacHbll1 BH!! Ha npHHa,U­JIe)l{aBWHe eMy 3aBo,Ubi.

96

KpynHeHwHe <jJpaHUy3cKHe KanHTaJIHCTbl H npOMblUIJIeH­

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HO BblcTynHJIH B 3aUlHTY Kpynna. LJepe3 weCTb MeC5IueB OH

BblWeJI Ha CB060,Uy. BnOCJIe,UCTBHH B CTaTbe, n05lBHBWeik51

BO BHyTpeHHeM )l{ypHaJIe KOMnaHHH I MapTa 1942 r. no,U

3arOJIOBKOM «<I:>lOpepbl 3aBO,UOB, pa604ue opy)l{eHHoH npo­

MbIWJIeHHOCTH», OH paccKa3bIBaJI 0 TOM, KaK, BbIH,U5I H3

TlOpbMbI, Ha4aJI BTaHHe no,UrOTaBJIHBaTb nepeBoopy)KeHHe.

npHBO)l{y Bbl)l,epiKKy H3 3TOH CTaTbH: «CJIe,UCTBeHHble KOMHC­

CHH COlO3HHKOB ¢opMeHHblM 06pa30M OCTaJIHCb B ,UypaKax.

Mbl npo,UOJI)I{aJIH npOH3BO,UHTb opy)l{He, ,UeJIa51 BH,U, 'ITO npo­

H3BO,UHM 3aMKH, MOJI04Hble <jJJI5IfH, KaCCbl H MycopHble 51UlH­

KH. Kor,Ua Haw BeJIHKHH cj)lOpep npHWeJI K BJIaCTH, 51 HMeJI

B03MO)l{HOCTb 3aBepHTb ero B TOM, 'ITO 3aSO,Ubl Kpynna, KO­

TopbIe rOTOBbl nOCTaBJI5ITb opy)l{He HaweH Hen06e,UHMOH ap­

MHH, nOCJIe nepHo,Ua no,UrOTOBKH B Te'leHHe MHHHMaJIbHOrO

cpOKa HaXO,U5ITC5I BnOJIHe B y,UOBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHOM COCT05lHHH.

XaHJIb fHTJIep!».

3TOT TeKCT nOKa3bIBaeT, 'ITO HatIHHa51 C 1923 ro,Ua H ,UO

npHxo,Ua fHTJIepa K BJIaCTH npOMblWJIeHHblH wnHOH3iK COI03­

HHI<OB HaXO,UHJICH Ha caMOM HH3KOM ypOBHe. MO)l{HO JIH

Ha,Ue5lTbC5I, 'ITO 3TO nOCJIyX{J1T ypOKOM Tenepb, Kor,Ua Kpynn

CHOBa npOUBeTaeT (XOT5I ero 3aBO,Ubl HaUHOHaJIH3HpOBaHbl)

H Kor,Ua OCHOBaH3 KOMnaHH5I C KanHTaJIOM 500 MJIH. MapOK

,UJI5I 3KcnopTa 0PY)l{H5I? KOHelJHO, HeT. Bo BC5IKOM CJIylJae,

Tenepb H3BeCTHO, 'ITO Kpynn npe,UnpHH5IJI peKoHcTpyKUHIO

Ha aMepl1Ka HCKHe ,UeHbrH (120 MJIH. ,UOJIJI. B 1925-1926 rr.).

113BecTHo TaK>Ke, 'ITO 60JIbWa51 tlaCTb ceKpeTHblx ,UOKyMeH­

TOB ,UO npHxo,Ua <jJpaHUY30B 6blJIa CBoeBpeMeHHo nepenpaB­

JIeHa B lllBeUHIO B aKUHoHepHylO KOMnaHHIO «50<jJopc», B

KOTOpOH fycTaB Kpynn KynHJI aKUHH Ha 19 MJIH. MapoK.

KOMnaHHeH «50epopc» H 6bIJIH pa3pa60TaHbI H306peTeHH5I,

KOTopble He MOrJIH 6b[Th 3aBepweHbI BO BpeM5I nepBOH MHpO­

BOH BOHHbi. .lleJIO OXpaHb[ npOMb[WJIeHHb[X ceKpeTOB 6blJIO

nOCTaBJIeHO TaK XopOWO, 'ITO CKaH,UaJI pa3pa3HJIC5I JIHWb B

1935 ro,Uy. lllse,UcKoe npaBHTeJIbCTBO HeMe,UJIeHHO 'u06HJIOCb

JIHKBH,UaUHH aJIb5lHCa «50¢opc - Kpynn».

.llpyrHe HCCJIe,UOBaTeJIbCKHe H KOHCTpyKTopcKHe pa60Tbi

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<jJHKTHBHylO KOMnaHHIO. 3Ta KOMnaHH5I 3aHHMaJIaCb rJIaBHblM

06pa30M cTpOHTeJIbCTBOM 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHblX nO,UBO,UHbIX

JIO,UOK, KOTOpb[e ,UOJI)I{Hb[ 6bIJlH n05lBHTbC5I BO BpeM5I BTOPOH

MHpOBOH BOHHbl. CnycT5I lJeTb[pe ro,Ua onepaUH5I 6b[JIa pac­

KpblTa <jJpaHuy3cKHMH CneUHaJIbHbIMH CJIy)l{6aMH, H B

97

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BHTeJIbCTBy. 3TO He ,naJIO HHKaKHX peayJIbTaTOB. repMaHHH

«B03Harpa,nHJIa» rOJIJIaH,nHIO 3a ee nOMOlll.b, pa3pywa5J BO

BpeMH BTOPOH MHpOBOH BOHHbl ee ropo,na H BblCblJlaH ee Ha­

CeJIeHHe.

Kpynn cyMeJI pa3pa60TaTb MHO>KeCTBO TeXHH4eCKHX yco­

BepweHCTBOBaHHH, pe3YJIbTaTOM KOTOpbIX HBHJIOCb npOH3­

BO,nCTBO BOCbMH HOBblX THnOB nyweK H CTpOHTeJIbCTBO MHO­

rOtIHCJIeHHbIX no,nBo,nHbIX JIO,nOK. rHTJIep Mor BOCnOJIb30BaTb­

CH 3THM elll.e B 1933 ro,ny. COBepweHcTBoBaHHe caMHX nyweK

npoH3Bo,nHJIOCb B OepJIHHe Ha epHKTHBHOM CTaHKOCTpOHTeJIb­

HOM aaBo,ne «Kox yH,n KHHUJIe-3HTBHKJIyHr». 3TOT 3aBO,n,

BH,nHMO, HHKor,na. He Bbl3bIBaJI no,n03peHHH y wnHOHOB COI03­

HHKOB, KOTopble He 6bIJIH Ha BbICOTe. 4TO KacaeTCH Kpynna.

TO OH nOHHJI 3HatIeHHe npOMbIWJIeHHOrO WnHOHa>Ka H ,nJIH

:OHoro elll.e B 1920 ro,ny OCHOBaJI 61Opo B 3cceHe. 3TO 61Opo

3aHHMaJIOCb TaK>Ke KaMyepJIH>KeM. OHO cyMeJIO nOXHTHTb y

qJpaHUy30B rpoca H MaKca nywKy, KOTopaH CTpeJIHJIa no

DapH>Ky B 1918 ro,ny. 3aKaMyepJIHpOBaHHaH B rHraHTCKoH 3a­

BO,nCKOH Tpy6e. ECJIH 6bl HaM npHWJIa B rOJIOBy 3JIeMeHTa p­

HaH MblCJIb cpaBHHTb epOTOCHHMKH 3aBo,na Kpynna B 1918 H

1943 ro,nax, Mbl 06Hapy>KHJIH 6bl 3TY Tpy6y. KOTopaH HHKor­

,na He ,nbIMHJIa. a eCJIH 6bl ee OCMOTpeJIH, HaWJIH 6bl B HeH

rHraHTCKHe nywKH! O,nHaKO eppaHUY3CKOH KOHTppa3Be,nKe B

PeHHCKOH 06JIaCTH, BH,nHMO, He npHWJIa B rOJIOBy na MbICJIb,

XOTH OHa ,neHCTBOBaJIa ,nOCTaTOtIHO 3HeprHtIHO.

Co CBoeH CTOpOHbl, KOHTppa3Be,nKa Kpynna pa3pa60TaJIa

6eCtIeJIOBetIHylO TexHHKy 06JIy4eHHH nOCeTHTeJIeH, KOHetIHO

6e3 HX Be,nOMa, 60JIbWOl1 ,n030H HKC-JIytIeH. HKC-JIytIH 3aCBe­

tIHBaJIH epOTOnJIeHKy. BbI3bIBa5J B TO >Ke BpeMH cepbe3HbIe

epH3HtIeCKHe paCCTpOHCTBa, HO 3TO 6bIJIO COBepweHHO 6e3pa3­

JIHtIHO rycTaBy Kpynny.

B aBrycTe 1933 ro,na Ha 3aBo,nax Kpynna 6bIJIO 06'bHBJIe­

HO 06Sl3aTeJIbHbIM rHTJIepOBCKoe oepHUHaJIbHOe npHBeTcTBHe.

B SlHBape 1933 ro,na C ero 3aBo,nOB 6bIJIH H3rHaHbI eBpeH.

C 1933 no ceHTH6pb 1939 ro,na 700 CJIy>Kalll.Hx Kpynna 6bIJIH

OmpaBJIeHbI B KOHueHTpaUHoHHbIH JIarepb, a B 1945 ro,ny B

no,nBaJIe 61Opo rycTaBa Kpynna B 3cceHe COlO3HHKH 06Hapy­

>KHJIH KaMepy nbITOK ,norHTJIepOBCKHX BpeMeH. KaK BH,nHO,

cJIy>K6a npOMbIWJIeHIWfl oe30nacHocTH Kpynna npHMeHHJIa

Bce cpe,nCTBa, B TOM tIHCJIe «llIapepepepHeMyHr» (3HeprHtIHbIH

,nonpoc). oe30naCHOCTb 3Ta 6bIJIa H,neaJIbHoii. MbI He XOTHM

3THM CKa3aTb, tITO HaCHJlHe H nbITKH He06xo,nHMbI ,nJIH 6e3­

onaCHOCTH. a npoCTO 6e30nar.HOCTIl Hy>KHO npH,naBaTb 60JIee

93

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BnpOtIeM, BCTaeT O,nHH Bonpoc: KTO 06eCnetIHBaJI 3TY 6e3­

onaCHOCTb C 1935 ro,na? nOBOJIbHO HHTepecHbIMH HBJIHIOTCH Ka,npbI KHHOC'beMKH

c06paHHH, Ha KOTOpbIX npHcyTcTBOBaJI rHTJIep H ,npyrHe Ha­

UHCTCKHe rJI&BapH. 3TH epHJIbMbI CYlll.eCTBYIOT H nOHbIHe, H o,nHa tIaCTHaH aHrJIHHCKaSl TeJleBH3HOHHaH KOMnaHHH Bocnpo­

H3BeJIa HX B 1965 ro,ny B BeJIHKOJIenHOM ,noKyMeHTaJIbHOM

epHJIbMe DHTepa 03TTH «<I>HpMa Kpynna». O,nHH H3 Ka,npoB

:onoro epHJIbMa oc06eHHo npHMetIaTeJIeH. MbI BH,nHM rHTJIepa

H rycTaBa Kpynna pH,nOM BO BpeMH cnycKa Ha BO,ny B

1938 ro,ny KpeHcepa «DpHHU EBreHHih> Ha cy,nOcTpOHTeJIb­

HbIX Bepep5JX Kpynna B KHJIe. 3TOT KpeHcep KaK BoeHHbIH

TpoepeH 6bIJI HCnOJIb30BaH aMepHKaHuaMH Bcero tIepe3 10 JIeT

nOCJIe ero cnycKa Ha BO,ny B KatIeCTBe MHweHH BO BpeMH

aTOMHoro 3KcncpHMeHTa B OHKHHH. repMaHHH nOKa3aJIa HaM, tITO cyMaCIlIe,nIlIHH eplOpep BMe­

CTe C 3HeprHtIHbIMH TeXHOKpaTaMH 06pa3ylOT BeJIHKOJIenHylO

aMaJIbraMy. re66eJIbC B CBoeM «.IT.HcBHHKe» rOBopHT, tITO OH BCTpe­

tIaJICH C rycTaBoM KpynnoM H HaWeJI ero npe>K,neBpeMeHHo

cocTapHBwHMCH, cOBepweHHo BnaBWHM B ,neTcTBo. .IT.pyrHe HeMeUKHe ceKpeTbl OXpaH5JJIHCb xy>Ke, tIeM ceK­

peTbI Kpynna, H B tIaCTHOCTH ceKpeT y,nymalOllI.Hx OTpaBJIHIO­

mHX Belll.eCTB. B noil 06JIaCTH 6bIJIH ,nocTHrHyTbI orpoMHbIe

ycnexH B nepHo,n Me>K,ny 1915 ro,nOM H KOHUOM nepBoH MHpO­BOH BOHHbI. CaMbIe onaCHbIe ra3bI 6bIJIH H306peTeHbI B

1918 ro,ny, HO, K CtIaCTblO, nepeMHpHe nOMeWaJIO HX npHMe­

HeHHIO. C Tex nop, BH,nHMO, He 6bIJIO ,nOCTHrHyTo KpynHbIx

ycnexoB, pa3Be tITO B 06JIaCTH y,neweBJIeHHH npOH3Bo,nCTBa

60eBbIX OTpaBJIHlOllI.HX BemeCTB. HeCMOTp51 Ha TO tITO BoeH­

HbIe nJIaTHT ,noporo 3a 60eBbIe OTpaBJIHlOllI.He BemeCTBa, HX

npOH3Bo,nCTBO peHTa6eJIbHO ,nJIH 3aBo,ntIHKa, eCJIH OHH npOH3­

BO,n5!TC5I O,nHOB peMeHHO C HCKOTOpbIMH I1JIaCTHtIeCKHMH Beme­

CTBaMH. O,nHaKO 3TO ,naeT B03MO>KHOCTb KOHCTaTHpOBaTb

npOH3Bo,nCTBO ra30B H .ua>Ke yCTaHaBJIHBaTb no KOJIHtIeCTBy

nJIaCTHtIeCKHX BemeCTB, nocTynalOmHX Ha pblHOK, KOJIHtIeCT­

BO npOH3Bo,nHMbIX 60eBbIX OTpaBJI5JIOmHX BemeCTB.* .D03TOMY eppaHUY3CKoe BTopoe 6IOPO tIepe3 nocpe.uCTBO

npOMblWJIeHHHKOB H XHMHKOB, KOTopbIe ero OCBe,nOMJIHJIH,

B nepHO,n Me>K,ny ,nByMSl MHPOBbIMH BOHHaMH Bcer,na 6bIJIO

• ApMeAcKoe pa3Be.nblBaTeJlbHOe ynpaBJleHHe. - flpUM. pea.

99

B Kypce repMaHCKOrO npOH3BOJl.CTBa 60eBbIX OTpaBJI5IlOmHX

BemeCTB. 3TO - npHMep npOMbIlllJIeHHOrO lllnHOHama, He.

COnp5lmeHHOro C TPYJl.HOCT5IMH H OCHOBaHHoro JIHlllb Ha JIO­

rHttecKHX YM03aKJIlOlJeHH5IX.

B 1936 roJl.Y BTopoe 61Opo 3aBep60BaJIO HCKJIlOlmTeJIbHO

3HalOmero BeHrepCKoro XHMHKa, COBeplllanlllero nOe3J1.KH n

fepMaHHIO. B OJl.HY H3 CBOHX nOe3J1.0K B MaHreHM OH pa3J1.0­

6bIJI epOPMYJIbI KOM6HHHpoBaHHoro npOH3BOJl.CTBa YJl.YlllalO­

mHX BemeCTB H nJIaCTHlJeCKHX BemeCTB. B napHme eMY

3anJIaTHJIH 5 TbIC. eppaHKoB. OH ClJeJI, lJTO 3Toro MaJIO, H CHO­

Ba noexaJI B fepMaHHIO, rJl.e npOJl.aJI CJIeJl.YlOmylO HHepopMa­

UHIO: «<I>paHUy3bI pacnOJIaralOT BalllHMH epopMyJIaMH». 3a

3TO OH nOJIylJHJI rOpa3J1.0 60JIee KpynHylO CYMMY. 3TO - npH­

Mep Jl.BOHHoro areHTa npOMbIlllJIeHHOrO lllnHOHama, npHlJeM

pa306J1alJHBlllerO caMoro ce6H. lJTO CJlYlJaeTCH He lJaCTO.

MaclllTa6bI npOMbIlllJIeHHOrO lllnHOHama BbIHYJl.HJ!H B ne­

pHOJl. MemJl.Y Jl.ByMH MHPOBbIMH BOHHaMH HeKoTopble eppaH­

UY3cKHe KOMnaHHH npHHHTb 3HeprHlJHble, a HHOrJl.a CMexo­

TBopHble MepbI npeJl.OCTOpOmHocTH Jl.JI5I oxpaHbI CBOHX npo­

MbIlllJIeHHbIX ceKpeToB. 4acTO Ha3bIBalOT KpynHYIO

KOMnaHHIO no npOH3BOJl.CTBY lllHH, B KOTOpOH B03HHKJla HeJle­

na51 MbICJIb H3MeHHTb rpaJl.yHpoBKy Ha lllKaJIaX Bcex TepMo­

MeTpoB. B Jl.aHHOM cJIYlJae 6wJIa np05lBJIeHa lJpe3MepHa5l,

XOT5I no cymecTBy Jl.OBOJIbHO nOH5ITHa5l, npeJl.OCTOpOmHocTb.

TecHble CB5I3H MemJl.Y eppaHuy3cKOH H HeMeUKOH npoMbIlll­

JIeHHOCTblO npeBpamaJIH nH MepbI npeJl.OCTOpOmHocTH B He­

JIenOCTb. Bo BpeM5I BOHHbI 3TH CB5I3H nepepOCJIH B COTPYJl.HJoI­

lJeCTBO. nOJl.BOJl.H HTorH, MomHO yTBepmJl.aTb, lJTO 060 BceM,

lJTO Jl.eJIaJIOCb B 1918-1939 rOJl.ax BO eppal-IUY3cKOH npOMbIlll­

JIeHHOCTH, HeMeJl.JIeHHO co06maJIOCb B fepMaHHIO. B nepfioJl.

MemJl.Y Jl.ByM5I MHPOBbIMH BOHHaMH <l>paHUHH lllHpOKO cHa6­

maJIa repMaHcKylo BoeHHylO npOMbIlllJIeHHOCTb He TOJIbKO

MaTepHaJIaMH, HO H npOMbIlllJleHHOH I-lHepopMaUHeH. BCKope

nOCJIe nopameHH5I 1940 rOJl.a Ha eppaHUy3cKHe 3aBO.ll.bI 51BH­

JIHCb npeJl.CTaBHTeJIH repMaHcKHx KOMHCCHH no nepeMHpmo,

KOTopble 6bIJIH BeJIHKOJIenHO HHepOpMHpoBaHbI 060 BceM, lJTO

Jl.eJIaJIOCb Ha 3anOJl.ax. Bo MHorHX CJIylJ351X HCTOlJHHKOM HH­

cpopMaUHH OKa3bIBaJIHCb caMH eppaHUY3cKHe npeJl.npHHHMa­

Teim. 3TO - KpaHHe JlI060nbITHaH H BamHa51 epopMa npo­

MbIlllJIeHHOrO lllnHOHama. HO OHa nO,'1HOCTblO BbIX0Jl.HT 3a

paMKH HallleH TeMbI.

npeJl.BHJl.51 TeCHoe COTpYJl.HHlIeCTBO, eppaHUY3CKHe npo-

i>lbllUJIeHHHKH Jl.aBaJIH TOlJHble OTBeTbI Ha lJpe3BbIlJaHHO noJJ.­

p06Hhle BonpOCHHKH. nocJle 3Toro OTpaCJleBble npOMbllllJleH-

Hbre opraHH3aUHH B fepMaHHH 0606maJIH OTBeTbI, aaTeM

nepeJl.aBaJIH HX rpa)KJl.aHCKHM H BoeHHbIM opraHaM, KOTopble

MorJlH HcnOJlb30naTb 3TH Jl.aHHble. KaK MbI YBHJl.HM Jl.aJIee,

TaKHM 06pa30M C03J1.aBaJIHCb JIylJlllHe yCJIOBH5I Jl.JI5I opraHH­

3aUHH npOMbIlllJIeHHOrO rpa6ema <l>paHUHH H BceA EBponhI

C 1940 rOJl.a BnJlOTb Jl.0 oCB060mJl.eHH5I.

B TO BpeM5I fepMaHH5I lllHpOKO HCnOJIb30BaJIa TaKme pe­

nyTaUHIO CBoero naTeHTHoro 61OpO, KOTopoe Jl.eHCTBHTeJIbHO

BbIJl.aBaJIO Jl.JI5I 03HaKOMJIeHH5I HaH60Jlee Jl.eTaJIbHO pa3pa60­

TaHHbie naTeHTbI, HO OHO npeJl.OCTaBJI5IJIO TaKme B pacnop5l­

>KeHHe HeMeUKHX rpamJl.aHCKHX H BoeHHWX JIHU nOJl.p06HeH­

lllylO HHepopMauHIO 060 ncex 3a5lBKaX Ha nOJlytteHHe naTeHTa,

nocTynaBlllHx H3-3a rpaHHUbI. BC5I repMaHCKa51 npOMbIlllJIeH­

HOCTb HCnOJIb30BaJIaCb KaK orpOMHa51 pa3BeJl.WBaTeJIbHa51

ceTb. BbIJl.epmKa 113 KHHrH AJIeHa fepeHa «CepbIH reHepam>

n03BOJl5leT COCTaBHTb npeJl.cTaBJleHHe 06 3TOM: Ha EJlHcefl­

CKHX nOJl5lX Jl.OBOeHHoro 5epJIHHa, KaKOBbIMH 6bIJla YHTep­

lI.eH-JIHHJl.eH, ElOpo NW 7 BbIJl.aBaJlO ce651 3a 6epJlHHCKHH

epHJIHaJl orpoMHoro KOHuepHa XHMHlJeCKOH npOMbIlllJleHHOCTH

«l1f <l>ap6eHHHJl.ycTpH». H Jl.elkTBHTeJlbHO, 3TO 6bIJI epHJIHaJI,

1-10 epHJlHaJl OlJeHb cBoe06pa3HbIH. npemJl.e Bcero, Jl.HpeKTO­

pOM 6blJI lJeJlOBeK C 60JIblllHM BeCOM - Jl.OKTOp MaKc I1J1r­

Hep, nJleM5IHHHK npe3HJl.eHTa aJl.MHHHCTpaTHBHoro COBeTa

«l1f <l>ap6eH». KpoMe TOro, K pyKOBOJl.CTBy npHHaJl.JIemaJIH: fepMaH IlIMHTu, 6paT OJl.HOro H3J1.HpeKTOpOB HblO-HopKCKoro

epHJlHaJla «Hf <l>ap6eH» - «KeMHKJI HHKopnopeiheJl.», Py­

Jl.OJIbep HJlrHep, npomHBaBlllHH B CIlIA C 1923 rOJl.a H HaTy­paJIH30BaBlllHHC5I B 1930 roJl.Y, Jl.OKTOp nOJIHTHlJeCKHX HayK,

lIJ1eH 14 aJl.MHHHCTpaTHBHblX COBeTOB B ceMH cTpaHax, H T. 11.. DOlJeMY MaKc HJlrHep XOTeJI C 1926 rOJl.a JlHlJHO PYKOB0J1.HTb

6epJIHHCKHM 6lOpo? nOlJeMY OH Jl.OJlmeH 6blJl B03rJIaBJl5ITb ero Jl.0 1945 rOJl.a? nOToMy lJTO ElOpo NW 7 6blJlO OlJeHb

cBoeo6pa3HbIM epHJlHaJlOM. OJl.HH H3 cJly>KamHx 61Opo 3a5l­

BHJI: «Hallla pa60Ta 3aKJIIOlJaJIaCb B nOJl.rOTOBKe... BC5IKOrO

p0Jl.a Jl.OKyMeHToB, Jl.OCbe, Jl.OKJlaJl.OB, KapT H lllHepPOB no 3a­Ka3Y BepxoBHoro KOMaHJl.OBaHH5I BepMaxTa; B Jl.OnOJlHeHHH HX

C nOMOmblO Jl.OCbe Halllero 6/opo H Jl.OCbe BepxoBHoro KOMaH­

Jl.OBaHH5I; B nOJl.rOTOBKe Jl.OKJlaJl.OB H KapT, KacalOIUHXCH npo­MbIIllJleHHOCTH H CeJlbCKOrO x035IikTBa HHocTpaHHblx rocy­

Jl.apcTB».

TOlJHO TaK me B 06BHHHTeJIbHOM aKTe BoeHHoro TpH6y­

HaJla B HlopH6epre, COCTaBJleHHOM Jl.Jl5I npouecca, npoHcxo­

Jl.HBlllerO 29-30 HIOJI5I 1948 r., MomHO npOlJeCTb 0 lllnHOHa­

me, KOTOpblM 3aHHMaJIC5I «I1f <l>ap6eH» BO BceM MHpe, cJle­

100

101

,nYlOlUHe CTpOKH: «Ha OCHOBe ,nOKJIa,nOB, nOJIYlJaeMblX OT

rJIaBHblX PYKOBo,nHTeJIei'J 3aBo.nOB «Hf <l>ap6eH» 3a rpaHH­

uei'J, H Ha OCHOBe TmaTeJlbHblX HCCJle.nOBaHHH, KOTOpblMH 3a·

HHMaJlHCb ero CneUHaJlHCTbl B fepMaHHH, «Hf <l>ap6eH»

,naBaJIa BepMaxTy H .npyrHM opraHaM HaUHCTCKoro npaBH­

TeJlbCTBa HH<popMaUHIO 0 3arpaHHue nOJlHTHlJeCKOrO, 3KOHO­

MHlJeCKOrO H BoeHHoro xapaKTepa. 3aKaMy<pJlHpOBaHHble

npe.nnpHHTHH «Hf <l>ap6eH» HBHJlHCb H.neaJlbHblM cpe.nCTBOM

WnHOHa)Ka; BblCOKHe npaBHTeJlbCTBeHHble .neHTeJlH H rocy­

.napCTBeHHble CJlY)KamHe, OrnpaBJlHHCb 3a rpaHHUy, lJaCTO

npOCHJlH «Hf <l>ap6eH» HanpaBHTb HX .nJlH OTBo.na rJla3 B

O.nHH H3 ero 3arpaHHlJHblX <pHJlHaJlOB, C TeM lJT06bl OHH Mor­

JlH MaCKHpOBaTb CBOIO .neHTeJlbHOCTb. 4epe3 nocpe.nCTBO

CBOHX rJlaBHblX areHTOB 3a rpaHHuelf ... «Hf <l>ap6eH» lJaCTO

nOJlYlJaJl .nOHeceHHH, co.nep)KamHe HH<popMaUHlO no 3KOHO­

MHlJeCKHM, nOJlHTHlJeCKHM H BoeHHblM BonpocaM. Ero 3arpa­

HHlJHble areHTbl B 60JlbWHHCTBe CJlYlJaeB BXO.nHJlH B a6Bep H

opraHH3aUHH HaUHcTcKoi'J napTHH. KpoMe TOro, .n.OHeceHHH

nOJlYlJaJlHCb, aHaJlH3HpOBaJlHCb, 0606maJlHCb H HanpaBJlH­

JlHCb B a.n.MHHHcTpaTHBHbIH COBeT H pa3J1HlJHble 3aHHTepe­

COBaHHble opraHbl TpeTbero peHxa lJepe3 nocpe.n.CTBO 6ep­

JlHHCKOro SIOPO NW 7. 3TO 61Opo no.n.rOTaBJlHBaJlO TaK)Ke

CneUHaJlbHble .nOKJla.n.bl H KapTbl».

TIo.n.06Hoe COlJeTaHHe npOMblWJleHHOrO WnHOHa)Ka C BO­

eHHblM B03MO)KHO JlHWb npH TOTaJlHTapHOM pe)KHMe.

HecoMHeHHo, lJTO rHTJlepOBCKaH fepM<lHHH 3aHHMaJla

.nOMHHHpylomee nOJlO)KeHHe B npOMblLUJleHHOM WnHOHa)Ke

B EBpone B nepHO.n Me)K.ny .nByMH MHPOBblMH BoHHaMH.

)lpyrHe CTpaHbl, BH.nHMO, 3aHHMaJlHCb npOMblWJleHHblM

WnHOHa)KeM MeHbwe. MO)KeT 6blTb, HMeHHO 3Ta cJla60cTb

npOMblWJleHHOrO H 3KOHOMHlJeCKOrO WnHOHa)Ka B EBpone 11

06ycJloBHJla KpynHble <pHHaHCOBble CKaH.naJlbl, KaK, HanpH­Mep, H3BeCTHblH cJlyqaH C HBapOM KpeiirepOM, KOTOpblH

OKOHlJHJlCH rH6eJlblO - y6HHCTBOM HJlH caMoy6HikTBOM?­

WBe.n.CKoro CHH'le'lHOrO KOpOJlH . .lI.eJlo 3aKJlIO'laJlOCb B <pa6­pHKaUHH <paJlbWHBbIX aKUHii KpynHblx npOMblWJleHHblX KOM­

naHHH H 6aHKoB. 3TH aKUHH BHOCHJlHCb B 6aHKH B Ka'leCTBe

rapaHTHHHoro BKJla.na. Bce 3TH 3J1oynoTpe6J1eHHH 6blJlH pac­

I<pblTbI. Xa paKTepHO, lJTO HH B O.n.HOH H3 MHorO::IHC~eHHbIX

KHHr 0 Kpeiirepe He .neJlaeTC5I nOnhITKH (no KpaHHell Mepe,

HaCKOJlbKO MHe H3BeCTHO) CBH3aTb 3TO .n.eJlo c .n.eJlOM JleMya­

Ha. JleMyaH 6bIJI PYKOBo.nHTeJleM OT.n.eJla no.nJlO)KHbIX .n.OKy­

MeHTOB <ppaHUY3CKoro BToporo 6IOPO B nepHo.n 1930~ 1935 ro.n.OB. OH B cBoeKopblcTHblX ueJlHX npo.n.aBaJl no.nJlO}I(­

J02

Hble ,nOKyMeHTbl JlIO.nHM H3 IIpecTynHoro MHpa HJlH HHOCTp3H­

uaM 6e3 onpe.n.eJleHHblX 3aHHTHlf. Ero B KOHue KOHUOB nOH­MaJlH c nOJIH'lHbIM.

TI03BOJlHTeJlbHO cnpocHTb, nocKoJlbKY .naTbl nOlJTH COBna­

.naIOT: H~ JleMyaH JlH <pa6pHKoBaJl <paJlbWHBble aKUHH .nJl51

KpeHrepa?

K HaylJHO-npOMblwJleHHoH HH<popMaUHH npOHBJlHJlH TaK

MaJlO HHTepeca, lJTO, KOrJI.a eme .n.o HalJa.TIa BTOpOH MHpOBOH

BOHHbl B03HHKJlO npe.n.nOJIO)l(eHHe, lJTO HeMUbl C03JI.aJlH pa­

.1lHOJlOKaUHOHHYIO yCTaHoBKy, aHrJlHHCI<He ceKpeTHhle CJlY)K­

6bl OKa3aJlHCb He B COCTOHHHH HaCITH areHTa, 06J1a.n.alOmero

He06xoJI.HMbIMH n03HaHHHMH B 3J1eKTpOHllKe, H H306peTaTeJllO

aHrJlHHCKOH CHCTeMbl pa.n.HOJlOKaUHOHHbIX yCTaHOBO[( P06ep­

Ty YOTcoHy-YaTTY npHWJlOCb caMOMy 3aHHTbCH C60pOM HH­

<popMauHH B fepMaHHH.

3TO Ta[()Ke OJI.Ha H3 Tex HCTOpHl1, KOTopble JI.O npoBepKH

Ka)KyTcH cOBepweHHo HenpaBjJ.ono.n06HbIMH. ECJlH 6bl Po­

6epTa YOTcoHa-YaTTa apeCTOBaJlO reCTano H OH 6blJl 6bl

BblHy>K.neH noJI. nbITKOH .naBaTb nOKa3aHHH, TO He TOJlbKO

3a.nep>KaJlOCb 6bl C03.naHHe aHrJlHHCKOH pa.nHOJlOKaUHOHHoH

ceTH, HO HeMUbl CMorJlH 6bl C03.naTb CBOIO cHcTeMy paHbwe

aHrJlHlJaH H 6HTBa 3a AHrJ1HIO, MO>KeT 6bITb, npHHHJIa 6bl HHOH 060pOT.

B 3TO BpeMH HeMUbl npOHBJlHJlH OC06blH HHTepec K MeTO­

]laM 3aKaJlKH CTaJlH, HcnoJlb3yeMoii B CTpOHTeJlbCTBe aHrJlHH­

CKHX TaHKOB. HeKHH aHrJlHlJaHHH ApTyp fOp.nOH Oy3HC,

npHexaB B fepMaHHIO, YCT<lHOBHJI CBH3b C HeMeUKHMH ce­

KpeTHblMH opraHaMH B faM6ypre, KOTOpblM npe.n.JlO>KHJI CBOH

yCJlyrH B m{)60M .neJle, HanpaBJleHHOM npOTHB AHrJlHH. BHa­

lJaJle ero COlJJlH cyMacwe.nWHM. Tor.na OY3HC 3anpOCHJI 3a

yCJlyrH 2 TbIC. <p. CT. B ro.n. TIocJle 3TOro K HeMy OTHeCJlHCb

cepbe3HO H 3aBep60BaJlH B KalJeCTBe TaHHoro areHTa. EMy

y.naJlOCb pa3.n06b1Tb <POpMyJly CnJlaBa. HcnoJlb3yeMoro npH CTpOHTeJlbCTBe TaHKOB. OH OCTaBaJlCH wnHOHOM .nO HalJaJla

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npOCHJI HeMueB .naTb eMy 500 <p. CT., lJT06bl OH Mor Bbmy­

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nOCOJlhCTBO B JloH.nOHe, Bcer.na rOTOBoe nOMOlJb HeMuaM.

BecHoH 1941 ro.na nocJle 6e3ycnelllHblx nonblTOK Bbl6paTbcH

H3 AHrJlHH OH 6bIJI apecToBaH H np06blJl B TlOpbMe 3HalJH­

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103

flO, 91'0 enHHCTBeHHbIH wnHOH, KOTOpblH ewe He HanHCaJI CBO­

HX MeMyapOB. Bo <I>paHlJ,HH repMaHcKHH WnHOHa>K 6bIJI HaCTOJIbKO aK­

THBeH, a 60pb6a C HHM 6blJIa HaCTOJIbKO c.na6a, 'ITO npaKTH­

4eCKH OH He BCTpe4aJI HHKaKoro npOTHBonei'tcTBHH. [UnHO­

Ha>K n04TH He C4HTaJICH npecTynJIeHHeM.

fJIaBHble HeMelJ,KHe opraHH3alJ,HH BoeHHoro WnHOHa>Ka,

n B 4aCTHOCTH opraHH3alJ,HH nyapbe-06eJl3, KOTOphIH pa­

60TaJI B ra3eTe «TaH», TaK>Ke 3aHHMaJIHCb, Ilj)H4eM B lllHPO­

KHX MaCllITa6ax, npOMbIWJIeHHblM WnHOHa>KeM. OpraHH3a­

lJ,HH nyapbe-06eHa, KaK H MHorHe 48CTHbIe JIHua, nOJIY4HJla

H3BeCTHOCTb 6JIarOnapH «KaHap aHweHe». 3Ta opraHH3allll~

6bIJIa paCKpblTa, HO naJIbI-IeHwee paCCJIenOBaHHe 3aCTonopH­

JIOCb, TaK KaK yMep onHH H3 ee 4JIeHOB, KOToporo onepHpo­

BaJI BoeHHblH XHpypr. «KaHap aHWCHe» B TO BpeMH nHCaJla:

«BoeHHaH nOJlHlJ,HH MenJIHTeJIbHa H CIIHCXOnHTeJIbHa, HO

BoeHHaH xHpyprHH 6ecnowanHa».

Bnp04eM, ¢paHlJ,Y3CKoe npaBHTeJIbCTBO He npOHBMWO

HHTepeca He TOJIbKO K CKpOMHblM np06JIeMaM npOMbIWJIeH­

HOro WnHOHaJKa, HO paBHonyWHo OTIIOCHJIOCb H K HayKe.

I(orna aBTOp HaCTOHwefl pa60TbI npenJIO>KHJI D KOHue

1939 rona nOJIIO PeHHo opraHH30BaTb npoH3RoncTBo Hnep­

HbIX B3pblB4aTblx BeweCTB, H3BeCTHbifl nOJlHTH4eCKHH neH­

TeJIb, KOTOpblH BnOCJIenCTBHH npHBeJI <I>paHlJ,HIO K BeJIH4ail­

weMy Bee HCTOpHH nOpa>KeHHIO, OTBeTHJI: «MHJIeHWHH npyr,

Bbl, CTaJIO 6blTb, XOTHTe 60M6apnHpOBaTb JIHHHIO 3Hr¢pH,ila

aJIb¢a-4aCTHlJ,a MH?»

BOT n04eMY BO <I>paHlJ,HH He 6blJIO aToMHOH KOHTppa3­

BeJl.KH. OnHaKO y)l{e rOTOBHJIHCb aHrJII1HCKHe aTOMHble

KOIITppa3Ben4HKH, POJIb KOTOpbIX, OnHaKO, He CJIenyeT npe­

YBeJIH4HBaTb. 06 3TOM Mbl ewe paCCKa>KeM.

AnoKa BepHeMcH K C06bITHHM BO <I>paHUHH. BepOHTHO,

cynHo «>KoP>K -<I>HJIJIHna p» 6bIJIO nOnO>K>KeHO B 1932 rony

B AneHe repMaHcKHMH .ll.HBepCaHTaMH. llHBepcHH 6bIJIH

cOBepweHbI TaK>Ke Ha 60pTy cynoB «l1JIb-ne-<I>paHc» H

«HopMaHnHH». Ype3BbI4aHHo MHOr04HCJIeHHhI 6bIJIH CJIy'laH

J1.HRepCHH Ha aBHalJ,HOHHbIX 3aBonax, B pe3YJIbTaTe KOTOpblX

nopoA BWXOnHJIa H3 CTpOH 4eTDepTaH 4aCTb npoH3BonHMoH

npOnYKlJ,HH. _

ECJIH npOMblWJIeHHblH WnHOHa)l{ BO <I>paHlJ,HH He KapaJI­

CH, TO Bce )I{e JIHlJ" 3aHHMaBwHXCH ,ilHl3epCHHMH B npOMbIW­

JIeHIlOCTH, BepOSITHO, npHBJIeKaJIH 6bI K yrOJIOBHOH OTueTCT­

I3CHHOCTH, B CJIy4ae eCJIH 6bI HX ynaJIOCb CXBaTHTb.

llHBepcaHTbI neHCTBOBaJIH, pacnOJIaraH OtteHb T04HOH

104

npOMblWJIeHHOH HH¢OpMa!~HeH, KOTOpylO He MlJ,bI, BepOSITHO,

nOJIy4aJIH KaK nyTeM npOMblWJIeHHOrO wnHOHa)l{a, TaK '"

nOCpenCTBOM 06MeHa HH¢OpMalJ,HeH, KOTOpblM 3aHHMaJIHCb

KOMnaHHH. HalJ,HOHaJIH3alJ,HSI aBHalJ,HOHHOH npOMbIWJIeHHOC­

Tn noc~e BTOPOH MHpOBOH BOHHW OT'IaCTH 6wJIa peaKlJ,HeH Ha 31'01' 06MeH.

He06xonHMO npH3H8Tb, 'ITO HeMlJ,bI naJIH '1epTe)l{H nJISI

CTpOHTeJIbCTBa BO <I>paHlJ,HH OnbITHOrO 3aBOna CHHTeTH4ec­

Koro 6eH3HHa no HeMelJ,KoMy MeTony (npaBna, ycoBepweH­

CTDOBaHHoMy ¢paHlJ,Y3aMH). 3aBon BbIpa60TaJI B 1939 rony 20 ThIC. T 6eH3HHa. 3TH 4epTe)l{H 6blJIH naHbl Ha OCHOBaHHH

BnOJIlle 3aKOHHblX npOMbIWJIeHHblX COrJIaWeHHH, OnHaKO OHH

n03BOJIHJIH HeMlJ,aM nOCJIe nOpa>KeHHSI <I>paHlJ,HH B 1940 rony

aHHeKcHpoBaTb ¢paHu.Y3cKYIO xHMH'IecKylo npOMbIWJIeH­HOCTb.

npe)l{,ile '1eM nepeHTH K npyrHM BonpocaM, yKa)l{eM, 'ITO

3a 04eHb He60JIbwylO CyMMy (200 TbIC. ¢paHKoB) <I>paHlJ,HSI

MOrJIa 6bl B 1936 rony BOCnOJIb30BaTbCSI' yCJIyraMH 3HaMeHH­

Toro BepHepa ¢OH 5payHa, KOTOpbIH XOTeJI nOKHHyTb fep­

MaHHlO H CTpOHTb CBOH paKeTbl BO <I>paHlJ,HH. Pa3yMeeTqI,

13 Bblna'le 3T0H CYMMbI 6blJIO OTKa3aHO, TaK KaK ¢paHlJ,Y3­

CKHe BJIaCTH He npHnaBaJIH cepbe3Horo 3Ha'leHHH HH TaHKaM,

HH paKeTaM, HH aTOMHbIM 60M6aM. Bnp04eM, OHH He 6bIJIIi

OnHHOKH. HeCKOJIbKO n03nHee OTelJ, aMepHKaHCKHX paKeT

fo.n..n.ap, C03HaBaH npH6JIH>KeHHe BOHHbl, npenJIO)l{HJI yCJIy­

rH CBoeH CTpaHe. BoellHbIe eMy OTBeTHJIH: «He3a4eM 3pSl Te­

pHTb BpeMH, 6ynywylO BOHHy BblHrpaeT TpaHweHHblH MH­HOMeT».

TeM DpeMeHeM pyccKHe, 3aWHIlleHHhle 01' BCSlKOro BOeH­

HOro H npOMblWJIeHHOrO WnHOHa)l{a, cnOKOHHO CTpOHJIH

paKeTbl, KOTopble nOJI)I{HbI 6bIJIH pa36HTb HeMelJ,KHe TaHKO­

Bwe nH13H3HH BO BpeMSI BOHHW H nOKopHTb KOCMOC. neJIO

B TOM, 'ITO ewe no BOHHbI B 06J1aCTH paKeT pyccKHe onepe­nHJIH HeMlJ,eB H BeCb MHp. OHH onepe)l{aJIH Bcex H BO BpeMSI

BOHHbl: «<I>AY-2:1> 6blJIH nOpOrOCH)SlWHMH HrpywKaMH, H

npOH3BOnHJIOCb H{( CJIHWKOM MaJIO, 4T06bl OHH MOrJIH HMeTb BoeHHoe 3Ha4eHHe.

COBeTCKHe )I{e npOTHBOTaHKOBwe paKeTbl HMeJIH rOpa3JI.0

60JIee cepbe3Hoe 3Ha'leHHe, B oc06eHHOCTH paI<eTbl, KOTopble

3anycKaJIHCb C CaMOJIeTOB. 31'0 OHH yHHllTO)l{HJIH HeMelJ,KHe

TaHKoBbIe .ll.HBH3HH. HeMlJ,bl Ha3blBaJIH wTypMoBHKH-paKeTo­

HOClJ,bI «4epHoH cMepTblo». 5JIarOnapH 3THM paKeTaM CTaJIH

B03MO>KHbl CTaJII1HrpanCKaH n06ena H B3S1THe 5epJIHHa.

ECJIH 6bI B CCCP Mor cywecTl30BaTb BoeHHbIH '" npOMblW­

J05

JIeHHhlH lllnHOHa)l{ B nOJIh3Y fepMaHHH, paKeThl He 6hIJIH 601

CTOJIh nOJIHOH HeQ)I{HJJ.aHHOCThlO. COBeTcKaH KOHTppa3BeJJ.Ka

cyMeJIa 06ecnellHTh nOJIHylO TaHHy JJ.O, 130 BpeMH H nOCJIe

BTOPOH MHpOBOH BOHHhI. 11 JIHlllh B 1968 roJJ.Y nOHBHJIaCh

nepBaH KHHra 0 COBeTCKHX paKeTax 1932 rOJJ.a C epOTOCHHM­

KaMH Tex BpeMeH. 11 13 HalllH JJ.HH HepeJJ.Ko nHlllyT, liTO CO­

BeTCKHe YlleHhle npeJJ.BHJJ.eJIH, liTO BOHHy BhIHrpalOT pa3JIHlI­

Hble yCTaHoBKH JJ.JIH 3anycKa paKeT H paKeThl, 3anYCKaeMhie

C CaMOJIeTOB. 3TO npeJJ.BHJJ.eHHe C6hlJIOCh.

CHOBa B03BpamaHCh K npOMhllllJIeHHoMy lllnHOHa)l{y 130

<IlpaHUHH, OlleBHJJ.HO, n03BOJIHTeJIhHO CnpOCHTh: He clla6>Ka­

JIH JIH fepMaHHIO npOMhllllJIeHHOH HH<popMaUHeH H JJ.a)l{e He

nepeJJ.aBaJIH JIH eH H306peTeHHH orpOMHoro BoeHHoro 3Halle­

HHH, npeJJ.nOllHTaH, lIT06hl OHH 6hlJIH BHeJJ.peHhl y fHTJIepa,

a He 13 CTpaHe HapOJJ.Horo <ppOHTa, pa3JIHlIHhie <ppaHUY3CKHe

npOMhllllJIeHHHKH, KOTophle TaK ycnelllHO COTpYJJ.HHlIaJIH C

BparOM? KorJJ.a-HH6YJJ.h, BepOHTHO, Mbl Y3HaeM BCIO npaBJJ.Y 13 3TOH 06JIaCTH, HO 3TO 6YJJ.eT HeJIerKO, H60 HeMUhl «1303­

HarpaJJ.HJIH» <jJpaHUy3cKHX npOMhllllJIeHHHKOB, OKa3hlBaBlllHX

HM HCKJIlOlIHTeJIhHhle yCJIyrH, TeM, liTO BhlChlJIaJIH HX, npHKa­

3hIBaH nOCKopee HCTpe6JIHTh B JIarepSlX, liTO H JJ.eJIaJIOCb.

TeM He MeHee OCTaeTCH 3HallHTeJIhHOe KOJIHlIeCTBO JJ.OKyMeH­

TOB, KOTophle paHO HJIH n03JJ.HO 6YJJ.yT ony6JIHKOBaHhI.

He06xoJJ.HMO, BnpOlJeM, npH3HaTh, liTO 13 npOMhllllJIeHHOM OT­

HOllleHHH <IlP~HUHH H fepMaHHH JJ.onOJIHHIOT JJ.pyr JJ.pyra H

liTO nOCJIe BOHHhl, nOCKOJIhKY COTpYJJ.HHlIeCTBO npOJJ.OJI>KaeT­

CH B JJ.pyroM HanpaBJIeHHH, MHorHe KaK BoeHHhle, TaK H

rpa>KJJ.aHCKHe H306peTeHHH 6hIJIH YCOBepllleHCT130BaHhl

cj:>paHKo-repMaHCKHMH rpynnaMH.

ABTop nOJIaraeT, liTO, eCJIH 6hl <ppaHUY3CKaH npOMbllll­

JIeHHOCTh npOHBHJIa HHHUHaTHBy H naTpHOTH3M aMepHKaH­

CKOH npOMhllllJIeHHOCTH, <IlpaHUHH MOrJIa 6hl pacnOJIaraTh

aTOMHhlM opy>KHeM y)l{e 13 1940 roJJ.Y, H60 ero npOH3BOJJ.CTBO

ropa3JJ.0 npome, lIeM 06hlllHO JJ.YMaIOT. AMepHKaHUhl nOlllJIH

caMhlMH JJ.JIHHHhIMH nYTHMH H H3pacxoJJ.oBaJIH 13 ThIC5IlIY pa3

60JIbllle JJ.eHer. Ho eCTb KpaTlIaHlllHe nYTH, n03BOJIHIOmHe

npoH3BoJJ.HTh aToMHylO 60M6y C TaKoH >Ke JIerKOCThlO H

no TaKOH )I(e ueHe, no KaKoH CTpOHTCH CaMOJIeT'HcTpe6H­

TeJIh. 80 BCHKOM cJIyllae, HeCOMHeHHO, liTO HeMUhl 3HaJIH 60JIh­

llle 0 TOM, liTO npOHCXOJJ.HJIO Ila 3aBOJJ.ax PeHO (eCJIH orpaHH­

lIHThCH JIHlllb OJJ.HHM npHMepOM), lIeM caMa llHpeKUHH 3aBO­

JJ.013. OHH CMOrJIH nOJIYllHTh TaHKH PeHO, KOTOphlX <ppaHUY3­

CKaH apMHH He HMeJIa. BnpOlleM, Hy>KHO AyMaTh, liTO H

106

aHrJIHlIaHe HMeJIH CBOHX areHTOB Ha 3aBOJJ.ax PeHO, H60

nepBhlMH nOJJ.BeprJIHCh 60M6apJJ.HpOBKe HMeHHO 3TH 3aBO­

JJ.hl, npHlieM nOliTH nOJIHOCThlO 6hlJIH YHHlITO>KeHhl BoeHHhle

MaTepHaJIhl, npeJJ.Ha3HallaBlllHeCH JJ.JIH HeMueB.

He3aJJ.OJIrO JJ.O 60M6apJJ.Hp013KH, KOTopaH 6hlJIa npOH3Be­

JI.eHa 13 1941 roJJ.y, HeMUhl B naMHTb 06 aHrJIHiicKoM ropoJJ.e

KOBeHTpH, cTepToM HMH C JIHua 3eMJIH, H306peJIH y>KaCHOe

npHJIaraTeJIhHOe «KoBeHTpH3HpoBaHHhlH» JJ.JIH 0603HalleHHH

nOJIHOrO pa3pYllleHHH ropoJJ.a. nOcJIe 60M6apJJ.HpoBKH 3a­130JI,OB PeHo 13 napH)I{e nOHBHJIHCb JIHCTOBKH C H(lJJ.nHCbIO:

«5HHHHKyp 6hlJI KOBeHTpH3HpoBaH».

AHrJIHHcKaH cTpaxoBaH KOMnaHHH, KOTopaH 3acTpaxoBa­

JIa 3aBOJJ.hl PeHo, OTKa3aJIaCh BbInJIaTHTb cTpaxoBylO npe­

MHIO. 3TO 3aCTaBHJIO MapWaJIa neT3Ha CPOliHO H3JJ.aTb

JJ.eKpeT, 3anpema13wHH aHrJIHHCKHM cTpaxoBhlM KOMnaHH­

HM pa3BHBaTb CBOIO JJ.eHTeJIbHOCTb BO <IlpaHUHH.

nOcJIe 6erJIoro 0630pa npOMblWJIeHHOro WnHOHa>Ka B

E13pone 13 nepHoJJ. Me>KJJ.y JJ.ByMH MHPOBblMH 130HHaMH no­

CMOTpHM Tenepb, liTO npOHCXOJl.HJIO 13 TOT )I{e nepHOJJ.

13 CiliA.

7 rJIABA

ellA B nEPHO,IJ; MEm,IJ;Y ,IJ;BYMH MHPOBbIMH BOI1HAMH

_eJ CJIH 13 EBpone 13 nepHOJl. Me>KJJ.y JJ.13Y­MH MHPOBblMH BOHHaMH npOMbIWJIeH-

HblH WnHOHa>K TeCHO nepenJIeTaJICH C

BoeHHblM WnHOHa)l{eM H nOJIHTHlieCKHMH nOJJ.pbIBHhlMH JJ.eH­

CTBHHMH, 13 CiliA 13 TelleHHe Toro )I{e nepHoJJ.a WHpOKO pa3­

BH13aJICH npOMhlWJIeHHblH wnHOHa)l{ B Y3KOM CMblCJIe 3Toro

CJIOBa Me)l{.ll.Y KOMnaHHHMH H nOliTH Jl.OCTHr HblHeWHero

ypOBHH, eCJIH He ClIHTaTh COBpeMeHHhlX TeXHHlIeCKHX cpeJJ.CTB WnHOHa)l{a.

B CiliA KpynHhle <PHPMbl 3aHHMaJIHCb HCKJIlOlIHTeJIbHO

aKTHBHO B3aHMHbiM npOMblWJIeHHblM WnHOHa>KeM. He06xo­

JJ.HMO, OJl.HaKO, YKa3aTh - lIT06bl K 3TOMy 60JIbWe He 1303­

BpamaTbCH - Ha HeKOTopoe lIHCJIO CJIyllaeB, KorJJ.a wnHOHa­

)I{eM 3aHHMaJIOCb npaBHTeJIbCTBO, npHlieM 06beKTOM wnHO­

Ha)l{a 6blJIH npOMbIWJIeHHOCTb H 6aHKH.

107

B 1938 ro~y aMepHKaHcKoe Ha~orOBoe ynpaB~eHHe H3­

~a~o BHyTpeHHee pacnop5DKeHHe, 3anperuaBlllee ero co­

TpY~HHKaM no~c~YlllHBaTb Te~e<poHHble pa3roBopbl. He­

CMOTpH Ha 3anperueHHe, Te~e<poHHble pa3roBopbl no~c~y­

WHBa~HCb. nO~C~YlllHBaloTcH OHH H Tenepb. KpoMe Toro,

KOMHCCHH, Y'lpe)l{~eHHaH npaBHTe~bcTBoM B 1934 ro~y ~~H

npoBe~eHHH 06c~e~oBaHHH BO BceH aMepHKaHcKoH BoeHHOH

npoMbllll~eHHocTH, BH~HMO, TO)l{e 3aHHMa~aCb npOMbllll~eH­

HblM lllnHOHa)l{eM. 3a pa60ToH ,lTOH KOMHCCHH npHCTa~bHO c~e~H~a KpaHHe HeHTpa~HcTcKH HacTpoeHHaH 06ruecTBeH­

HOCTb, KOTopaH Herua~Ho KPHTHKoBa~a ToprOBueB nylll­KaMH.

YnoMHHYTble ToproBUbl nylllKaMH, B CBOIO O'lepe~b, '06­

BHHH~H npaBHTe~bcTBeHHYIO KOMHCCHIO B HcnO~b30BaHHH

raHrCTepOB ~~H nOXHrueHHH 'IaCTHbIX nHceM H nepe~a'lH 3a

rpaHHUy aMepHKaHcKoH npoMbllIl~eHHoH HH<popMaUHH.

C OC060H CH~OH KOMHCCHH 06pYlllH~acb Ha CTpoHTe~efI nO~BO~HbIX ~O.uOK H3 «AMepHK3H 3~eKTpHK 60yT KOMnaHH»

H HX aHr~HiicKHX KOMnaHbOHOB - BHKKepcoB. nHCbMa, 3a·

ra~OtIHblM 06pa30M nonaBUlHe B npaBHTe~bcTBeHHYIO KOMHC­

CHIO, rOBopH~H 0 TOM, tITO 06e KOMnaHHH, CBH3aHIlbie CHCTe­

MoA ytIaCTHH, lllHpOKO npH6era~H K nO~Kyny COTpy.uHHKOB

aMepHKaHCKoro H aHr~HHcKoro rocy.uapCTBeHHoro annapa­

Ta. HeKHH rep6epT A~~eH, ToproBeu nylllKaMH, npHHa.u~e­

)l{aBlllHH K rpynne LI.pHrca, nOKa3a~, tITO H3-3a TeMHblX Ma­

HeBpOB BHKKepCOB B 1929 ro~y 6bl~ pacToprHyT KpynHblH

KOHTpaKT C TypuHeH. A~~eH 3aHBH~ C HerO~OBaHHeM: <BHK­

KepcaM .u03Bo~eHbl BCHKHe npHeMbl; B HX paCnOpH)KeHHH opraHH3aUHH lllnHOHa)l{a - nepcOHa~ ue~oro nOCO~bCTBa, If

OHH npH6eralOT K yc~yraM 66~bUloro tIHC~a )l{eHruHH ~erKO­

ro nORe.ueHHH».

BO~Ha B03MyrueHHH npOI(aTH~aCb no CIlIA, r.ue, BH.uH­

MO, .uo ytIpe)l{.ueHHH npaBHTe~bcTBeHHoH c~e.ucTBeHHoA KO­

MHCCHH HHKTO He C~blllla~ pa3rOBopOB 0 npocTHTyUHH.

noc~e 3Toro BHKKepCOB 06BHHH~H B TOM, tITO OHH B

1932 ro.uy 3an~aTH~H 38 yc~yry O.uHOMy KHTaHcKoMy reHe­

pa~y 50 TbIC. <p. CT. AreHT BHKKepCOIJ, KOTOpblH nan 3TY

rue.upylO B3HTKY, 6bIn nonpOUleH npH 3aKpbITblX nBepHX. Vl3 KaMepbl c~ellOIJaTenH ero OTnpaBH~H npHMO B nCHXHaT­

pHtIeCJ<ylO netIe6HHIly KaK 6yHHO nOMewaHHoro.

HHKTO, BHnHMO, He nOCTaDH~ npOCToro Bonpoca: KaKHM

06pa30M npaBHTenbCTBeHHaH KOMHCCHH pa3.uo6b1na CBepx­

ceKpeTHble nOCbe, npHHa.une>l<anWHe 'IaCTHbIM KOMnaHHHM,

B KOTOpblX He 6blnH npOH3Be~eHbl KaKHe-~H60 KOH<pHCKa­

108

UHH? ToprOBUbl nylllKaMH 06BHHH~H KOMHCCHIO B TOM, tITO

OHa Hcnonb~OBana UlnHOHOB, Ma<pHIO H lllaHKH npo<peCCHO­

HanbHblX raHrCTepOB, 'IT06bl 3anO~Y'lHTb YKa3aH~ble .uOCbe.

HaCKonbKO MHe H3BeCTHO, 31'0 - e.uHHCTBeHHblH cnytIal%,

Kor.ua npaBHTenbCTBeHHaH c~e~CTBeHHaH KOMHCCHH 6b1na

06BHHeHa B COTpy.uHH'IeCTBe C Ma<pHeH. no MeHbllleH Mepe,

MO)l{HO CKa3aTb 'ITO :Ha c~e.uCTBeHHaH KOMHCCHH, BH.uHMO,

pa60Tan a B 06~TaHOBKe, 06bl'lHO H306pa)l{alOrueHcH B ~e­TeKTHBHblX pOMaHax, Kor.ua .uOBonbHO Tpy.uHO OT~H'IaTb no­

nHueHCKHX OT raHrCTepOB. TeM BpeMeHeM aMepHKaHCKaH npOMblUlneHHOCTb nepe­

CTpaHBa~aCb, p0)l{.ua~CH «aMepHKaHCKHH BbI30B», 0 KOTO­

pOM Tenepb TaK MHoro rOBopHT. noc~e TH)I{enOrO nepHo.ua

3KOHOMH'IeCKOH .uenpeCCHH, noc~e.uOBaBlllero 3a Be~HKHM

KpaXOM Ha HblO-HOpKCKOH 6Hp)l{e B 1929 ro~y, CllA COBep­

llleHCTBOBanH rHraHTcKylO npoMblUlneHHocTb, KOTopaH .uo~)I{:

Ha 6blna BblHrpaTb BOHHy, 3aTeM no.uHHTb CIlIA Ha TaKOH

ypoBeHb npoMbIlllneHHo-TeXHH'IeCKOH opraHH3aUHH, tITO Te·

nepb O'leHb MHorHe 3.upaBOMblcnHruHe nlO.uH 3a~a1OTCH BO­

npOCOM: MO)l{HO ~H 6y~eT Kor.ua-HH6y.ub .uorHaTb HX? O.uHa­

KO nOnO)l{eHHe 6blno HCKnlO'IHTenbHO HanpH)I{eHHblM. npaB­

.ua, KpynHble KOMnaHHH oxpaHHnHCb naTeHTaMH, HO aHTHTpec­

TOBCKHH 3aKOH BblHY)l{~an HX B HeKOTopblX cny'laHx nepe­

.uaBaTb 3TH naTeHTbl KOHKypeHTaM, a B .upymx - npHB~eKan

K HHM, KaK K .uep)l{aTe~HM naTeHTOB, BH~MaHHe lllnHOHOB.

n03TOMY nHTb J<pynHblx 'IaCTHbIX nonHueHCKHX areHTCTB­

BpaHca, nHHKepTOHa, Y3J<eHxaTa, r~06a H d1HTepCTeHT»­Ha'lanH 3aHHMaTbCH BonpocaMH npOMbllllneHHOH 6e30nac­

HOCTH. OHH npo.uoml<aIOT CBOIO .ueHTe~bHOCTb H B HaCTOHruee

BpeMH; 06ruaH cyMMa HX ro.uOBblX 060pOTOB .uOCTHraeT

150 MnH. .uo~~.

Bblno pa3pa60TaHo HeKOTopoe 'IHCnO 06ruenpHHHTbIX

Tenepb npHHUHnoB. HanpHMep,. eC~H KaKaH-nH60 uaMepH­

KaHCKaH KOMnaHHH nonytJaeT nHCbMO, B KOTOpOM eH npen­

~araeTCH H306peTeHHe, ceKpeTapHaT KOMnaHHH HeMe.uJleH­

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109

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110 III

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npe3HJJ.eHTa. CYllleCTBYIOT .u.eCHTKH cnoc060B TaHHoro npo­

HHKHOBeHHH B KOMnaHHIO. Kor.u.a 51 y>Ke HaXO>Kycb B KOMna-

HHH, npe3H)leHT nepe.u.aeT MHe )lOKJla.u.bl CBOHX nOMOlllHHKOB.

Mbl HX H3y'-laeM H rOBopHM eMy, KaK Hy>KHO OTBeTHTb, KaK

nOCTaBHTb HX B 3aTpy.u.HHTeJlbHoe nOJlO>KeHHe )leJlbHbIMH BO­

npocaMH Ha O'-lepe)lHOM 3aCe)laHI1I1 aJl.MI1HHCTpaTHBHoro

COBeTa. 31'0 HX y6e>K)laeT B TOM, '-ITO npe3HJl.eHT npeBOCXO­

.u.HT HX, H OHH y>Ke He nbITalOTCH nO)lpblBaTb ero peny­

TaUHIO».

O'-leBH)lHO, 3Ta aTMoc~epa MHoro06pa3Horo llInHOHa>Ka

CI1J1bHO .u.eikTBOBaJla Ha HepBbI. IT03TOMY ellle B 1935 rony

KpynHble aMepHKaHcKHe KOMnaHHH «HcTMeH Ko.u.aK»,

«IOHaHTe)l CTeHTc CTHJI KopnopeHwH», «HHTepH311IHJI 6H3­

Hec M3WHH3» H «)l.lOnoH» npHHHMaJlH Ha pa60Ty tIcHXl1aTpOB,

'-IT06bl MO>KHO 6blJlO THXO H 6e3 CKaH)laJlOB nOMemaTb B nCH­

XHaTpH'-IeCKl1e Jle'-le6HI1UW reHepaJlbHWX )ll1peKTOpoB 11 BI1­

ue-npe3H)leHTOB. BH.u.HMo, aT1llOc~epa B aMepHKaHcKHx I<OM­

naHHHX B Te BpeMeHa HanOMHHaJla aTMoc~epy HaUHcTcKOH

napnm )l0 «Bap<!:OJlOMeeBCKoH HO'-lH». 31'0 6blJl - BepOHTHO,

BCJle.u.CTBl1e TaKOH HanpH>KeHHOH 06CTaHOBKH B KOMnaHH­

HX - BeJlI1KI1H nepHO)l KOHueHTpaUI1H npOMbIWJleHHOCTH

CIllA. B 1939 rO)ly Bcero 200 npOMbIWJleHHblX KOMnaHI1H

KOHTpOJlHpOBaJlH TpH nHTblX ~I1HaHcoBbIX 11 nOJloBI1HY npo­

MblWJleHHblX 60raTcTB CTpaHbl, CTaTHCTI1'-1eCKl1e .u.aHHble 3a

1945 rO)l nOKa3bIBaJlH, '-ITO Bcero 100 npOMblWJleHHblX KOM­

nalIHH KOHTpOJll1pOBaJlH TpeTb npOMblllIJleHHOrO npOH3BO)lCT­

Ba CTpaHbl H B HI1X 6blJla 3aHHTa o.u.Ha nHTaH pa60'-lHx. Ha­

'-IHHaH C 1950 ro.u.a KOHueHTpaUHH npHHHJla TaKHe pa3Mepbl,

'-ITO '-IeTbIpe KOMnaHHH, OXBaTbIBalOllll1e npOH3Bo.u.CTBO aBTO­

M06HJleH, CHrapeT, IlII1H, KOHcepBHbIX Kop060K, ueJlJlIOJl03bl,

nHIlIY~X MaIlIHHOK, IlIBeHHblX MaIlII1H, 3J1eKTpOJlaMn, )KeBa­

TeJlbHOH pe3HIIKH, npOMblWJleHHblX 113.u.eJlHH H3 3epHa, BbInY­

CKalOT 70 % n pO.u.yKUHH.

TaKHM 06pa30M, nOHBHJlI1Cb ceKTopbl, r.u.e Dcero '-IeTblpe

HJlH nHTb KpynHblx KOMnaHHH rocno.u.CTByloT Ha pblHKe, Ha­

npHMep Ha aBTOM0611J1bHOM. O.u.HaKo Ha 3TOM KOHueHTpa­

HI1H npeKpalllaeTcH - no 3KOHOMI1'-1eCKI1M npl1'-1HHaM, no co­

06pa>KeHI1HM JlH'-IHOro xapaKTepa H H3-3a aHTHTpecToBcKHX

3aKOHOB. H Tor.u.a '-IeTblpe HJlH n5ITb HMnepl1H npo.u.OJl>KaIOT

DeCTH KOHKypeHTHylO 60pb6y Me>K.u.y C060H, H Ka)l{)la5I H3

HHX CO)lep>KHT IlInl10HOB H B TO >Ke BpeM5I JlH60 HaHHMaeT

Ha nocToHHHylO pa60Ty KOHTppa3Be.u.'-IHKOB, JlH60 BperMI 01'

BpeMeHH 06palllaeTCH K yCJlyraM cneUI1aJlH3HpOBaHHblX

~JIPM KOHTppa3Be.u.'-IHKOB. Mbl paCCKa)l{eM HI1>Ke, KaKoe no­

JlO)l{eHl1e CJlO)l{HJIOCb B pe3YJlbTaTe 31'01'0 B 1968 ro.u.y, O.u.H a­

KO He06xo.u.HMO Tenepb >Ke OTMeTHTb, '-ITO OCHOBbl 31'01'0 no­

5* 115 114

5l13JHIIOTCH tIaCTHble aMepHl{aHCKHe KO:vmaHHH H, npaBHTeJIb­CTBa. B 3THX opraHH3au,HHX 06ecnetIHBaeTCH 60JIbWaH ceK­

peTHOCTb, 'reM B KOMnaHHHX ,npyroro po,na. MO)l{HO ,nyMaTb,

'ITO HMeHHO BCJle,nCTBHe IIPOMblWJIeHHOrO WnflOua>Ka 3TH

KOMllalUIH nOJIytIHJIH TaKoe IllHpOKoe pacnpOCTpaHeHHe B

CiliA ~l HCI{JIIO'IHTeJIbHO npOMbIWJIeHHoMy wnHOHa>Ky 06»­

3aHbi OHH CBOHM ycnexoM. HaCKOJIblW MHe H3BeCTHO, HH o~­

Ha H3 KpynHblx H cepbe3Hbix aMepHKaHcKHx JIa60paTopHH,

3aHHMaI0w.HXCH HCCJIe,nOBaTeJIbCKHMH pa60TaMH no 3aKa3Y, He 6bIJIa yJIHtIeHa B wnHOHaX{e. ECJIH HHKor,na He cyw.eCTBO­

BaJIO TpeCTa, KOHTpOJIHpyIOw.ero HCCJIe,nOBaHHH no 3aKa3Y,

TO 06bHCHeHHe 3TOMy CJIe,nyeT HCKaTb B caMOM xapaKTepe

PYK0I30.nHTeJIeH 9THX KOMnaHHH. TaKHe KOMnaHHH, KaK npa­

BHJIO, C03,naIOTCH HH,nHBH,nyaJIHCTaMH, KOTOpbIX HeJIerKO BO­

nJIetIb B Kal{YlO-JIH60 KOpnOpau,HIO. BcneT 130npoc: KaKHM 06pa30M OHH MoryT Bbl,nep>KH­

BaTb KOHKypeHu,mo rHraHTCKHX KOMl1aHHH, KOTopble HMelOT

c06CTBeHHble HCCJIe,nOBaTeJIbCKHe JIa60paTopHH? CHJIa 9TH X He3aI3HCHMbIX, OTHOCHTeJIbHO He60JIbWHX H

,neMOKpaTHtIeCKH ynpaBJIHeMbIX KOMnaHHH COCTOHT He TOJIb­

KO B CB060,nHOH U,HpKyJIHU,HH H,neH, HO H B HX CB060,nHOM 06cy>K,neH HH, a ,n06HTbCH 3Toro, KCTaTH CKa3aTb, ropa3,n0

Tpy,nHee B 60JIbWHX rpa>K,naHCKHX H BoeHHblX HCCJIe,nOBa­

TeJlbCKHX ytIpe>K,neHHHx. 31'11 60JIbWHe HCCJIe,nOl3aTeJIbCKHe ytIpe>K,neHHH HatIaJIH

nO»I3JIHT1.>CH B 1918 ro,ny. OHH B03HI1KJIH nO~JIe p0>K,neHHH

He3aBI1CHMbiX HCCJIe.n,oBaTeJIbCKI1X opraHH3au,l1~ H CJIe,nOBaJIH I1X npHMepy. B 1920 ro,ny TaKHX ytIpe>K,neHHH 6blJI0 O'IeHb

MaJIO, HatIHHa5l. C 1938 ro,na HX llHCJIO 6bICTpO pacTeT. 06w.He pacxo,nbI CiliA Ha I1CCJle,nOBaTeJIbCKHe pa60Tbl, COCTaBJI5IB­

WHe B 1938 roJI.Y OKOJIO 3 MJIP,n. ,nOJIJI., B 1970 ro,ny ,nOJI>KHbl

,nOCTHtIb 25 MJlpA. AOJI.iI. Ha1160JIbWa51 tIaCTb 9TH X pacxo,non

na.naeT Ha Kpymlble HCCJIe,nOBaTeJIbCKHe KOMnaHHH, KOTopble

I3CJIe.nCTBHe 3Toro CTaHOB5ITC5I OCHOBHblM 06beKTOM ,ne5lTeJIb­

HOCTlf wnnOHOB. 50pb6a, KOTopa51 nOBJIeKJIa 3a C060H KOHu,eHTpau,HIO

npOMblWJIeHHOCTH B CiliA B nepHoA Me)J{,ny .nBYM5I MHpOBbl­

MH BOHHaMI1 H KOTopaH BceMH cnoc06aMH, B TOM tlHCJIe

1l0Cpe,nCTBOM npOlllblWJIeHIWrO WllHOHaX{a, npOTHBonOCTaB­

JI5IJIa 60JIbWIIX - MaJIblM, H306peTaTeJI5IM - TpeCTbl, nopo­

AHJIa HaCTOSlw.ylO MHepOJIOrHIO. B 9TOH MHepOJIOrHI1 <3JIble

TpeCTbl» npOTHBonOCTaBJI5IIOTCSl «.n06PbIM H306peTaTeJI5IM»,

npeCJIc.nyeMblM raHrCTepaMH, wnHOHaMH H pa3JIHllHblMH

areHTaMH 3THX TpeCTOB.

3Ta MHepOJIOrH5I, KaK H Bce MHepOJIOrlm, npe,nCTaBJI5IeT

C060H JI1060nbiTHYlO CMeCb npaB,nbl H BbIMbICJIa, H Ha HeH

CTOHT OCTaHOBHTbC5I. HeCO~'!HeHHO, 6blJIH CJIytIaH npeCJIe,no­

BaHH5I H306peTaTeJIeH, K HHM OTHOCHTCH CJIytlaH C 3,nBI1HOM

Ap!)1CTpOHrOM, KOTOpbIH B 30-x ro,nax H306peJI tIaCToTHylO

MO.nyJI5IU,HIO. 31'0 H306peTeHHe 51BHJIOCb nOMeXOH .nJI5I Kpyn­

HblX aMepHKaHcKHx pa,n110Bew.aTeJIbHbIX KOMnaHHH, KOTO­

pble HCnOJIb30BaJIH aMnJIHTy,nHylO MO,nyJI5IU,HlO. OHH BceMH

cnoc06aMH npeCJIe,noBaJIH ApMcTpoHra, H OH B 1954 ro,ny

nOKOHtIHJI >KH3Hb caMoy6HHcTBOM. JIHWb HaMHoro n03,nHee,

B 1960 ro,ny, CTaJIO H3BeCTHO, tITO OH OCTaBHJI CBoeH CTpaHe

BeJIHKOJIenHOe H306peTeHHe: p a,nHOJIOKaTOp, ,neHcTByIOW.I1H

Ha 60JIbWHX paCCTOHHHHX, He HCnblTbIBa51 nOMex 01' KpHBH3­

Hb[ 3eMHoro wapa. ApMCTpOHr - O,nHH H3 neJIHtIaHWHX

H306peTaTeJIeH Bcex BpeMeH, H cOBepweHHo BepHo, 'ITO OH

Bbl6poCHJICH H3 OKHa B pe3YJIbTaTe npeCJIe,nOBaHHH, KOTO­

pbIM OH no,nBepraJIC5I C 1936 ro,na. BepHo TaK>Ke, tITO TaKoro

po,na npeCJIe,nOBaHH5I 06ecKypa>KHJIH HeKOTopbIX 6JIeCTHw.HX

H306peTaTeJIeii, HanpHMep H306peTaTeJIH 9JIeKTpOHHoro

yMHO>KHTeJIH epapHcyopTa. OOCJIeAHHH BbIHrpaJI 6HTBy C

TpeCTaMH, o.nHaKO 6b1J[ HaCTOJIbKO Ha,nJIOMJINI 3TOH 60pb60H,

tITO B B03pacTe 34 JIeT ye,nHHHJIC5I Ha He60JIbWOH epepMe B

WTaTe M3H, 3aHHMaHCb .neJIaMH, He HMelOw.HMH HHKaKoro

OTHOWeHH5I K npOMbIWJIeHHocTH.

ApMCTpOHr H <l>apHcyopT OTHlO,nb He 6blJIH napaHOHKa· MA, Kor,na nOBepHJIH, tITO 3a HHMH wnHOHHT. 3a HHMH .neH­

CTBHTeJIbHO WnHOHHJIH.

O,nHaKO ,npyrHe JIereH.nbl 6bJ.flH He 60JIee tIeM BbIMbIC­

JIOM. HanpHMep, JIereH,na 0 Kap03epce, H306peTaTeJIe Ha(l­

JIOHa. Y. X. Kap03epc pO,nHJICH 27 anpeJI5I 1896 r. B Bap­

JIHHrTOHe (Il1TaT AHoBa). C 1928 ro,na OH pyKOBO.nHJI n KOM­

naHHH «.LI.lOnoH» nporpaMMoH HCCJIenOBaTeJIbCKHX pa60T no

CHHTeTHtIeCKHM BOJIOKHaM H OTKpbIJI HaHJIOH. Kap03epc no­

KOHtlHJI >KH3Hb ca1vIOyoHikTBOM 29 anpeJIH 1937 r. B <l>HJIa­

,neJIb<pHH. OocJIe ero ca~lOy6HHcTBa CJIO>KHJICH MHep: 51K06bl

Kap03epc nOKOHtIHJI C C060H 1l0TOMy, tITO ero BbIHY>K.lI.aJIH

Bblpa6aTbIBaTb epaJIbWHBblH HaHJIOH OTHOCHTeJIbHO HH3Koro

KatIeCTBa, H60 HaCTOHw.I1H Ha(IJIOH COBepweHHO He CHaWH­

BaeTCH. 4yJIKH H3 HacToHw.ero HaHJIOHa HHKorna He CHaWH­

BaJIHCb 6bl H, CJIe.ll.OBaTeJIbHO, H306peTeHHe B ero peaJIbHOH

epopMe He nOJIytIHJIO 6bl Wl1pOKOrO npHMeHeHHH. 31'01' Ml1ep

nep>KHTC5I ynopHo H COBceM He,naBHO nOCJIy>KHJI CIO)KeTOM

epHJIbMa non Ha3BaHueM «4eJIOBeK B 6eJIOM KOCTiOMe».

B ,neHcTBHTeJIbHOCTH Kap03epc nOKOHtIHJI C C060H no npHtIH­

119 118

HaM JHflIHOrO xapaKTepa, KOTopbIe He I1MeJII1 Hl1l1erO oow.ero

C HafIJIOHOM 11 ObIJIH CBH3aHbI C lIaCTbIMI1 H THJKeJIbIMI1 HepB­

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Ba, BepOHTHO, CnaCJIH ObI ero.

ECJII1 JIereHna CTOJIb ynop Ha, TO 001>HCHHeTCH 9T0 TeM,

liTO nyOJIHKa CKJIOHHa ynpHMo Bepl1Tb. liTO TpeCTbI CKpbIBa­

101' H300peTeHHH, KOTopbIe MOrJII1 ObI HaHeCTI1 HM yw.epo.

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BbIHBJIHIOT H300peTeHHH, KOTopbIe MoryT cnOCOOCTBOBaTb

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npOMbIIllJIeHHI1KH rJIylllaT 11300peTeHI1H.

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Bble 7 HBJIHI01'CSI 3aKOHHbIMI1, OCTaJIbHble - He3aKOHHbIMI1.

1. OyOJII1KaUHH KOHKypeH1'oB H OTlle1'bI 0 npoueccax, no­JIYlleHHble OObIlIHbIMH nyTHMI1.

2. CBeneHHH, IlaHHbIe nyOJIHlIHO ObIBIllHMH CJIY)Kalll.HMH KOHKypeH1'a.

3. 0030PbI PhIHKOB H nOKJIanhi HHJKeHepOB-KOHCYJIb­TaH1'OB.

120 121

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127

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128

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113 172

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174