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World Downstream Maintenance Market Forecast 2015-2019energy business insight
e: [email protected] t: +44 (0)203 4799 505
www.douglas-westwood.com
Aberdeen | Faversham | Houston | London | Singapore
• Prospects• Technologies• Markets
© 2015 Douglas-Westwood 40World Downstream Maintenance Market Forecast 2015-2019By purchasing this document, your organisation agrees that it will not copy or allow to be copied in part or whole or otherwise circulated in any form any of the contents without the written permission of Douglas-Westwood
Market Forecast: By Asset Type
Chapter 5 : Asset Integrity
Figure 32: Asset Integrity Expenditure by Asset Type 2010-2019
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Expe
nditu
re (
$ bi
llion
s)
Expenditure to total $ bn over the
2015-2019 period.
Refineries and Petrochemicals to ac-
count for % of forecast expenditure.
CAGR from 2015-2019:
% Refineries;
% Petrochemicals;
% Gas processing;
% LNG.
Table 6: Asset Integrity Expenditure by Asset Type 2014-2019
Figure 33: Asset Integrity Expenditure by Asset Type 2010-2014 and 2015-2019
35%
45%
9%
11%
Refineries Petrochemicals
Gas Processing LNG
34%
45%
9%
12%
The downstream market for Asset Integrity
is similar to the Asset Services market – it is
dominated by expenditure on petrochemi-
cal plants and refineries, which account for
% of total expenditure over 2015-2019,
in large part due to the sheer size of the
installed base.
An estimated $ bn and $ bn is to be
spent on petrochemical and refinery facili-
ties over the next five years. LNG and gas
processing are much smaller market sectors
with combined expenditure totalling almost
$ bn. However, LNG spend will be in-
creasing at the fastest rate: a CAGR of %
over the 2015-2019 period.
Similarly to Asset Services, the large growth
in LNG Asset Integrity expenditure can be
attributed to the increase in LNG facilities
in regions such as Australia and North
America.
$ bn $ bn
2015 2019
$millions 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Refinery
Petrochemical
Gas Processing
LNG
Total
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World Downstream Maintenance Market Forecast 2015-2019
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Supply Chain – Middle East
Chapter 3 : Market Structure and Methodology
The Middle East is characterised by
operators awarding multiple contracts
direct to lots of different small
companies, with the aim of achieving
perceived value for money. Bundling
is still uncommon.Whilst infrastructure is ageing, the
concept of fabric maintenance has
still not been fully incorporated by
the industry. In addition, much of
the maintenance work is carried out
in-house.EPC contractors (brownfield and
greenfield) contract fabric mainte-
nance and other specialist service
providers for services such as the
preparation and application of spe-
cialist coatings on modification and
newbuild work.The Middle Eastern market is char-
acterised by many local providers
across all service lines.
NOTE: This supply chain is intended to illustrate the most common routes to market for the
main service lines. The companies in each box are intended to be indicative key market players
not an exhaustive portrayal.
ADNOCDolphin EnergyEquateKNPCPDOPetro RabighQatar Petroleum
SabiaSahara PCCSaudi AramcoSaudi Services & OpsSinopecSipchem ABS ConsultingBureau VeritasDNV IntertekLloyds Register
Operators
Consultancy
APM PetromaintDesconIntertek QconSISWood GroupAsset Integrity Contractors
Integrated Services
Individual Services
DesconDietsmannKharafi NationalSaudi Services & OpsWood Group
O&M Contractors
APM PetromaintHertelIntertekStork Technical ServicesSmall local providersInspection Contractors
APM Petromaint DesconHertelQconSISSmall local providersE&I Contractors
APM PetromaintHertelIntertekSISStork Technical Services
Small local providersMechanical Contractors
ApplusHertelIntertekQconSISStork Technical Services
Small local providersFabric Maintenance
APM PetromaintDesconHertelSISStork Technical Services
Small local providersProcess Equip. Contractors
Alfanar APM PetromaintStork Technical Services
Wood GroupSmall local providersRotating Equip. Contractors
Ali-Rushaid ConstructionDAS GroupKentzKharafi National
PetrofacSaipemWood GroupWorley ParsonsEPC Contractors
“The [business] culture is to give out
multiple contracts to lots of different
small companies. It’s a convoluted supply
chain…It’s about value for money.”Engineering Services Company
“In the Middle East I see a greater need for asset integrity and fabric maintenance. Scale
of infrastructure and its age is as significant as anywhere. Integrity is a new concept across
the region due to a number of unfortunate accidents that have focused attention onto
asset integrity services.”Engineering Services Company
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World Downstream Maintenance Market Forecast 2015-2019
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Asset LifecycleChapter 3 : Market Structure and Methodology
Pre-FEED Studies
and Conceptual
Design
Operations &
Maintenance
ModificationsDecommissioning
CAPEX Phase
Liabilities
OPEX Phase
Commissioning
and Start-up
Construction
FEED
Maintenance:
Ongoing inspection, repair and upkeep of downstream assets is a vital process within the
downstream plant lifecycle. Maintenance services reduce operational costs over the long-
term, maximise uptime of the facility and ensure the efficient running of all equipment within
it. High ongoing levels of maintenance can also prolong the asset’s life; significantly pushing
back the plant’s decommissioning date.
Maintenance services are essential to ensure the asset is able to perform its required function
effectively and efficiently whilst adhering to any health, safety and environmental regulations
in place.
Asset Services
Asset Services encompass a number of service lines all implemented with the
aim to reduce the operational cost and downtime of the various electrical,
mechanical, rotating and process equipment that is vital to the smooth running
of the facility.
Mechanical Services
Electrical & Instrumentation
Fabric Maintenance
Rotating Equipment
Process equipment
Asset Integrity
Asset Integrity services aim to prolong the downstream lifecycle through the
management and development of maintenance strategies, ensuring maximum
plant uptime and an efficient maintenance schedule.
Consultancy
Asset Management
Integrity Services
The service lines covered in this report are split into two sections:
“Product life-cycle is regulated by industry
standards…which in turn affect clients’
requirements. Valves should serve 30
years, with regular maintenance typically
every five years.”
Oil & Gas Major
The typical lifecycle of a downstream asset
which demonstrates the occurrence of
maintenance services.
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World Downstream Maintenance Market Forecast 2015-2019
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Refinery Yeild and Petrochemical Output
Chapter 2 : Drivers and Indicators
The two most common petrochemical
feedstocks are olefins and aromatics.The major hydrocarbon sources
used in producing petrochemicals
are obtained from gas processing and
petroleum refining.The main yields from refining are
gasoline, kerosene, distillate fuel and
residual fuel.
In 2014 US refineries produced 45% of
their yield as gasoline, although yields
can be altered in response to price. Figure 15: US Refinery Yield 2014
Source: EIA
45%
10%
30%
3%
20%
Figure 16: Petrochemical Feedstocks and Outputs
Natural Gas
Crude Oil Steam Cracker
Methane
EthanePropaneButanePlasticsResinsFibers
TextilesElastomersRubbersSolventsCoatingsDyes & PigmentsAdhesivesChemicalsOther Consumer Products
Methanol
EthylenePropyleneButadieneBenzeneTouleneXylene
Naptha
Motor GasolineKerosene Jet FuelDistillate FuelResidual FuelOther
Refining YieldsThe chart shows the yield from US refiner-
ies in 2014. Refiners can adjust product
yields in response to changing product
prices and other market conditions by
varying refinery processes and the types of
crude oil they choose to refine. The refinery
output will also be determined by the com-
plexity of the refinery; those with a catalytic
converter are generally more complex and
able to refine heavier crudes.The yields sum to more than 100% due
to the processing gain from refining; the
volume by which total output is greater
than input for a given period of time. Dur-
ing refining processes such as fluid catalytic
cracking, volumes can increase when large,
heavy molecules are broken
into smaller and lighter molecules that take
up more space.Petrochemical process
The diagram shows some of the petro-
chemical feedstocks and the consumer
goods produced by them. The two most
common petrochemical classes are olefins
and aromatics. Olefins include ethylene,
propylene and butadiene and can be used
to produce industrial chemicals, plastics and
rubber. Aromatics include benzene, toulene
and xylene (BTX).The main hydrocarbon sources used in a
petrochemical plant are either obtained
from gas processing (methane, ethane, pro-
pane, butane) or petroleum refining (naptha
and BTX).
Gas-produced ethane is typically the
favoured feedstock across the petrochemi-
cal industry due to lower costs. With the
majority of European petrochemical plants
focusing on naphtha-based cracking, this
has placed pressure on European plants in
recent years.
However, the recent crude oil price
downturn has prompted a sharp decline in
the price of naphtha. Ethane had an almost
tenfold advantage over naphtha at the start
of 2014. This had decreased to less than
twofold by December 2014, benefiting Eu-
ropean petrochemical plants by increasing
their margins. Although, these benefits may
be short lived depending on the longevity
of oil price decline.
“Margins are high currently, but it
really depends on the equipment in
the refinery and the complexity. The
catalytic cracker is the most complex
part of the refinery”Integrated Downstream Operator
Operator budgets tighten, but Downstream Maintenance spend still sees riseBetween 2015 and 2019, global downstream asset maintenance spend is expected to total $322 billion (bn), an increase of 12% when compared to the previous five-year period. In 2014, expenditure totalled $63bn for the world’s global downstream asset population of approximately 13,000 facilities, DW expect this to increase to $71bn by 2019. Despite a minor drop in 2015, resulting from industry-wide price deflation of equipment and services and budget tightening, an ageing existing asset population as well as a number of new installations drive the overall growth.
By sector, Asset Services accounts for the majority of expenditure, 72%, with Asset Integrity accounting for the remaining 28%.North America and Asia dominate global expenditure, accounting for 35% and 28% of spend over the forecast period respectively. US downstream facilities are also expected to see a revival as a result of the recent shale boom.
The World Downstream Maintenance Market Forecast 2015-2019 analyses the demand for maintenance in two key equipment and service
lines: downstream asset services and down-stream asset integrity services, and across four facility types: refineries, petrochemical plants, gas processing and LNG.
The report includes:
• Drivers & Indicators – in depth discussion of the factors encouraging asset mainte-nance expenditure including: E&P trends, oil & gas prices, analysis of the recent oil price downturn), downstream facility popula-tion, asset lifecycle, policies & regulation and trends and drivers detailed by refinery, petrochemical, gas processing and LNG.
• Service Line Analysis – for downstream as-set services and asset integrity services split out by service line, asset type and region with competitive landscape and detailed supply chain analysis.
• Regional Analysis – expenditure by service line 2010-2019 with trend commentary for Africa, Asia, Australasia, Eastern Europe & FSU, Latin America, Middle East, North America and Western Europe.
© 2015 Douglas-Westwood
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World Downstream Maintenance Market Forecast 2015-2019
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Methodology: OverviewChapter 4 : Asset Services
Assumptions
Asset based
As the asset varies by age, capacity and
region the cost assumption is adjusted.
Asset type
As each asset type performs different
processes the cost assumption is
adjusted to reflect this.
For LNG facilities, DW accounts for
the differences in process and com-
plexity of export and import terminals
by adjusting the cost assumption.
Regulation and culture
These are adjusted for in the cost as-
sumption by applying a regional index.
Onshore
Douglas-Westwood
In-House Database
Ass
et D
ata
Mod
ellin
g Pr
oces
s
Refining
PetrochemicalsGas Processing
LNG
ExportImport
Capacity
Varying facility sizes and the
associated level of maintenance
required is accounted for by the
use of a cost assumption per
barrel for refining, per mcf for
gas processing and per tonne for
petrochemicals and LNG.
Age
Age multiplier applied to all
assets to account for the extra
maintenance requirements as
facilities age.
Region
A regional index is applied to
account for environmental,
labour and regulatory differences
between regions.
Asset Integrity Market
Comprised of:
Consultancy
Asset Management
Integrity Services
Asset Services Market
Comprised of:
Electrical & Instrumentation
Fabric Maintenance
Mechanical Services
Process Equipment
Rotating Equipment
Annual Cost Assumption by Service Line (including Inflation Assumption)
The cost assumption will vary by asset type, accounting for the variations in complexity of equipment and machinery used. DW
assign different cost assumptions for export and import terminals due to the higher complexity of export terminals.
Brownfield Expenditure per Asset
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Australasia
Chapter 6 : Regional Summary
Figure 39: Maintenance Expenditure in Australasia 2010-2019
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Expe
nditu
re (
$ bi
llion
s)
AI: Consultancy
AI: Asset Management
AI: Integrity Services
AS: Mechanical
AS: Electrical & Instrumentation AS: Fabric Maintenance
Expenditure to total $ bn over the
2015-2019 period, growing at %
CAGR.
Growth of % from preceding five-
year period – fastest growing region.% of forecast global spend.Large LNG facilities coming onstream
during the forecast period driving
growth.
CAGR from 2015-2019:% Mechanical Services;% E&I;
% Fabric Maintenance;% Rotating Equipment;
% Process Equipment;% Consultancy;% Asset Management;
% Integrity Services.% Refineries;% Petrochemicals;% Gas Processing;% LNG.
Table 14: Maintenance Expenditure in Australasia by Service Line 2014-2019
Table 15: Maintenance Expenditure in Australasia by Asset Type 2014-2019
Expenditure in Australasia is set to total
$ over 2015-2019. This is an increase
of % from the previous five years, due
mainly to LNG facilities within the region
coming online in the coming years; adding
some % to current capacity.Over 2010-2014, LNG plants accounted for
% of maintenance spend in the region,
refineries %, petrochemical plants %
and gas processing plants %. During the forecast period the composi-
tion of expenditure will change consider-
ably as Australasia invests heavily in new
LNG facilities. LNG will account for % of
expenditure during the period, petrochemi-
cals for %, refineries for % and gas
processing for %.
Despite being a relatively small market, the
continued onset of LNG plants post-2014
means that Australasia will be one of the
strongest growth regions, also with steady
growth in refinery, petrochemical and
gas processing plant maintenance spend.
Furthermore, LNG maintenance spending is
likely to see % CAGR over the forecast
period as additional projects come online.Despite the cancellation of the Browse
LNG export project in Australia, a number
of LNG trains are expected to come online
through the forecast period. This will drive
demand for the asset maintenance services
necessitated by the large capacity increase.
But despite strong growth between 2015-
2019, DW expect Australasia to only
account for % of global plant management
expenditure.
Refinery capacity to see little increase over
the forecast, with only the Marsden Point
project in New Zealand expected to have a
significant affect on throughput. As a result,
refinery maintenance expenditure is ex-
pected to be predominantly driven by cost
inflation, though there may be some impact
from increased capacity. A similar story is
likely for petrochemicals.
Gas processing on the other hand should
see relatively strong growth in maintenance
spend, as supermajor investment drives
capacity increases through the forecast.
$ millions
20142015
20162017
20182019
Asset ServicesMechanicalE & I
Fabric MaintenanceRotating EquipmentProcess Equipment
Asset IntegrityConsultancy
6
Asset ManagementIntegrity Services
Total
$ millions
20142015
20162017
20182019
RefineryPetrochemicalsGas ProcessingLNG
Total
World Downstream Maintenance Market Forecast 2015-2019energy business insight
e: [email protected] t: +44 (0)203 4799 505
www.douglas-westwood.com
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Why purchase the Downstream Maintenance Market ForecastDouglas-Westwood’s market forecasting is trusted by sector players worldwide, with clients including the world’s top-10 oil & gas companies, top-10 oilfield services companies and top-10 private equity firms.
An essential report – for financial institu-tions, equipment manufacturers, operations & maintenance companies and contractors, oil & gas companies and government agencies & departments wanting to make more informed investment decisions.
Our proven approach includes:
Unique and proprietary data – updated year-round from published sources and insight gained from industry consultation.
Detailed methodology – the report uses research from our own in-house downstream databases for refineries, petrochemicals, gas processing and LNG, an information system ex-clusive to DW, to form the basis of the models. Assumptions used to generate market demand are the result of our primary and secondary research. Demand-side analysis by service line provides a metric on which to establish future opportunities and provide a context for market share assessment.
Comprehensive market forecasts – examina-tion, analysis and 10-year coverage of expendi-ture.
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Contents
Table of Contents
1 Summary and Conclusions ......................................7Summary ......................................................................................................................................... 8
Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 9
2 Drivers and Indicators ........................................... 10Population & GDP Growth Drive Energy Demand ............................................................. 11
Changing Energy Mix .................................................................................................................. 12
Natural Gas .................................................................................................................................. 13
LNG ............................................................................................................................................... 14
Oil – Supply & Demand ............................................................................................................. 15
Oil Price Volatility ....................................................................................................................... 16
Refining Margins .......................................................................................................................... 17
Downstream Facility Population .............................................................................................. 18
Refinery Yeild and Petrochemical Output .............................................................................. 19
Refining Trends & Drivers ......................................................................................................... 20
Petrochemical Trends & Drivers .............................................................................................. 21
Gas Processing Trends & Drivers ............................................................................................ 22
LNG Trends & Drivers............................................................................................................... 23
Politics and Regulation ............................................................................................................... 24
3 Market Structure and Methodology .................. 25Asset Lifecycle ............................................................................................................................. 26
Asset Services – Definitions ..................................................................................................... 27
Asset Integrity – Definitions ..................................................................................................... 28
Supply Chain – Continental Europe ........................................................................................ 29
Supply Chain – North America ................................................................................................ 30
Supply Chain – Middle East ....................................................................................................... 31
4 Asset Services ......................................................... 32Methodology: Overview ............................................................................................................ 33
Barriers & Limitations ................................................................................................................ 34
Market Forecast: By Service Line ............................................................................................ 35
Market Forecast: By Asset Type .............................................................................................. 36
Market Forecast: By Region ...................................................................................................... 37
5 Asset Integrity ......................................................... 38Market Forecast: By Service Line ............................................................................................ 39
Market Forecast: By Asset Type .............................................................................................. 40
Market Forecast: By Region ...................................................................................................... 41
6 Regional Summary .................................................. 42Regional Summary....................................................................................................................... 43
Africa ............................................................................................................................................. 45
Asia ................................................................................................................................................ 46
Australasia .................................................................................................................................... 47
Eastern Europe & FSU ................................................................................................................ 48
Latin America ............................................................................................................................... 49
Middle East ................................................................................................................................... 50
North America ............................................................................................................................ 51
Western Europe .......................................................................................................................... 52
7 Appendix .................................................................. 53Top 20 Countries ....................................................................................................................... 54
Data and Text Conventions ...................................................................................................... 55
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Contents
Figures
Figure 1: Global Maintenance Expenditure by Region 2010-2019........................................................8
Figure 2: Global Population Growth & Energy Demand, 1965-2035 ............................................... 11
Figure 3: Historic Primary Energy Demand by Region, 1965-2013 ................................................... 11
Figure 4: The Changing Energy Mix 1980-2013 ........................................................................................... 12
Figure 5: Levellised Cost of Energy ($/mwh) ................................................................................................ 13
Figure 6: Natural Gas Prices ($/mbtu) .............................................................................................................. 13
Figure 7: LNG Supply by Region (excludes FLNG) ................................................................................... 14
Figure 8: FLNG Capex ........................................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 9: Oil Price & Demand ............................................................................................................................... 15
Figure 10: World Liquids Production Growth, 2005-2014 ................................................................... 15
Figure 11: Historical Brent and WTI Oil Prices, January 2007 – February 2015 ......................... 16
Figure 12: Oil Price to Balance Budgets with Brent at $59 (20 February 2015) ....................... 16
Figure 13: Historic Brent cracking margins relative to Brent oil price (Jan 08 – Feb 15) ....... 17
Figure 14: Global Downstream Population 2009-2018 ........................................................................... 18
Figure 15: US Refinery Yield 2014 ...................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 16: Petrochemical Feedstocks and Outputs .................................................................................... 19
Figure 17: Global Oil Refinery Utilisation ........................................................................................................ 20
Figure 18: Global Refining Capacity in 2014 and 2019 ........................................................................... 20
Figure 19: Global Petrochemical Price Index 2009-2015 ........................................................................ 21
Figure 20: Global Petrochemical Capacity in 2014 and 2019 ............................................................. 21
Figure 21: Global Gas Processing Capacity in 2014 and 2019 ........................................................... 22
Figure 22: LNG Demand Outlook 2005-2030 ............................................................................................. 23
Figure 23: Global LNG Capacity in 2014 and 2019 ................................................................................. 23
Figure 24: Asset Service Expenditure by Service Line 2010-2019 ..................................................... 35
Figure 25: Asset Service Expenditure by Service Line 2010-2014 and 2015-2019................... 35
Figure 26: Asset Service Expenditure by Asset Type 2010-2019 ....................................................... 36
Figure 27: Asset Service Expenditure by Asset Type 2010-2014 and 2015-2019 ..................... 36
Figure 28: Asset Service Expenditure by Region 2010-2019 ................................................................ 37
Figure 29: Asset Service Expenditure by Region 2010-2014 and 2015-2019.............................. 37
Figure 30: Asset Integrity Expenditure by Service Line 2010-2019 ................................................... 39
Figure 31: Asset Integrity Expenditure by Service Line 2010-2014 and 2015-2019................. 39
Figure 32: Asset Integrity Expenditure by Asset Type 2010-2019 ..................................................... 40
Figure 33: Asset Integrity Expenditure by Asset Type 2010-2014 and 2015-2019 ................... 40
Figure 34: Asset Integrity Expenditure by Region 2010-2019 .............................................................. 41
Figure 35: Asset Integrity Expenditure by Region 2010-2014 and 2015-2019............................ 41
Figure 36: Global Maintenance Expenditure 2010-2019 ......................................................................... 44
Figure 37: Maintenance Expenditure in Africa 2010-2019 ..................................................................... 45
Figure 38: Maintenance Expenditure in Asia 2010-2019......................................................................... 46
Figure 39: Maintenance Expenditure in Australasia 2010-2019 ........................................................... 47
Figure 40: Maintenance Expenditure in EE & FSU 2010-2019 ............................................................. 48
Figure 41: Maintenance Expenditure in Latin America 2010-2019 .................................................... 49
Figure 42: Maintenance Expenditure in Middle East 2010-2019 ......................................................... 50
Figure 43: Maintenance Expenditure in North America 2010-2019 ................................................. 51
Figure 44: Maintenance Expenditure in Western Europe 2010-2019 .............................................. 52
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Contents
Tables
Table 1: Primary Energy Demand Growth by Region ............................................................................... 11
Table 2: Asset Service Expenditure by Service Line 2014-2019.......................................................... 35
Table 3: Asset Service Expenditure by Asset Type 2014-2019 ............................................................ 36
Table 4: Asset Service Expenditure by Region 2014-2019..................................................................... 37
Table 5: Asset Integrity Expenditure by Service Line 2014-2019........................................................ 39
Table 6: Asset Integrity Expenditure by Asset Type 2014-2019 .......................................................... 40
Table 7: Asset Integrity Expenditure by Region 2014-2019................................................................... 41
Table 8: Global Maintenance Expenditure 2014-2019 ............................................................................. 44
Table 9: Global Forecast Maintenance Expenditure by Asset Type & Service Line 2015-19 44
Table 10: Maintenance Expenditure in Africa by Service Line 2014-2019 ..................................... 45
Table 11: Maintenance Expenditure in Africa by Asset Type 2014-2019 ....................................... 45
Table 12: Maintenance Expenditure in Asia by Service Line 2014-2019......................................... 46
Table 13: Maintenance Expenditure in Asia by Asset Type 2014-2019 ........................................... 46
Table 14: Maintenance Expenditure in Australasia by Service Line 2014-2019 ........................... 47
Table 15: Maintenance Expenditure in Australasia by Asset Type 2014-2019 ............................. 47
Table 16: Maintenance Expenditure in EE & FSU by Service Line 2014-2019 ............................. 48
Table 17: Maintenance Expenditure in EE & FSU by Asset Type 2014-2019 ............................... 48
Table 18: Maintenance Expenditure in Latin America by Service Line 2014-2019 .................... 49
Table 19: Maintenance Expenditure in Latin America by Asset Type 2014-2019 ...................... 49
Table 20: Maintenance Expenditure in Middle East by Service Line 2014-2019 ......................... 50
Table 21: Maintenance Expenditure in Middle East by Asset Type 2014-2019 ........................... 50
Table 22: Maintenance Expenditure in North America by Service Line 2014-2019 ................. 51
Table 23: Maintenance Expenditure in North America by Asset Type 2014-2019 ................... 51
Table 24: Maintenance Expenditure in Western Europe by Service Line 2014-2019 .............. 52
Table 25: Maintenance Expenditure in Western Europe by Asset Type 2014-2019 ................ 52
Table 26: Top 20 Countries – Refining Maintenance Expenditure 2015 & 2019 ........................ 54
Table 27: Top 20 Countries – Petrochemical Maintenance Expenditure 2015 & 2019 .......... 54
Table 28: Top 20 Countries – Gas Processing Expenditure 2015 & 2019 ..................................... 54
Table 29: Top 20 Countries – LNG Expenditure 2015 & 2019 ........................................................... 54
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DW report number 565-15
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