Slide 1
WELCOME TO MY PRESENTATIONCourse Title: Rural Poverty
Studies
PRESENTED TO
RAFIQUN NESSA ALIProfessorDepartment of Rural
SociologyBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensingh-2202PRESENTED
BY
MD. SAHED KHANID: 15RS JD-01MReg: 37769MS in Rural Sociology
(2nd semester)Department of Rural SociologyBAU, Mymensingh-2202
Outline and ObjectiveOutline of the presentation:Sensing
povertyTypology of povertyMeasurements of poverty
Objectives:To comprehend the meaning of PovertyTo identify the
typology of PovertyTo demonstrate the measurements of Poverty
POVERTY?
Poorness Hunger Homelessness
Definition of PovertyThe word poverty comes from old French
poverte (Modern French: pauvrete), from Latin paupertas and from
pauper (poor).Refers to general scarcity or dearth, or the state of
lacking a certain amount of material possessions or
moneySociological definition of Povertythe state of one who lacks a
usual or socially acceptable amount of money or material
possessionsis a condition in which people lack what they need to
livePoverty is HUNGER
CONTDPoverty is a situation in which a person or household lacks
the resources necessary to be able to consume a certain minimum
basket of goods.
According to United Nations,Fundamentally, poverty is a denial
of choices and opportunities, a violation of human dignity
According to World Bank,Poverty is pronounced deprivation in
well-being, and comprises many dimensions. It includes low incomes
and the inability to acquire the basic goods and services necessary
for survival with dignity...
Types of Poverty
CONTDAbsolute Poverty-Extreme case of poverty-Individuals annual
income falls below the national poverty line (USD 1.25 at 1993
purchasing power parity)-Individuals life/health is
threatened/compromised due to lower economic positionRelative
Poverty-Relative poverty defines people are relatively impoverished
if the customary (average) standard of living in their society
requires more spending than the income they have available-A person
or household, even though have access to government support for
food, water, medicine and free housing, can be considered as poor
if it Cant afford to go to vacations, or Cant afford to buy
presents for children at Christmas, or Cant afford to send its
young to university, and so on. They are considered poor because
the rest of the community have access to superior services and
amenities.
CONTDGenerational or Chronic PovertyMore complicated type When
poverty is handed over to individuals and families from generations
before them. There is usually no escape from itExperience multiple
deprivation, including HungerUnder nutritionIlliteracyLack of
access to safe drinking water and basic health servicesSocial
discriminationPhysical insecurity and political exclusion
CONTDSituational Poverty (Transitory)-People or families can be
poor due to some adversities like EarthquakesFloods A serious
illness and so on-Sometimes, people can help themselves out of this
situation quickly if they are given a bit of assistanceCollective
poverty:-Affects a population collectively-A whole country can be
classified as poverty-stricken due to insufficiency of basic
materials and services
Other forms of povertyThe disadvantagedWho own nothingLack
everything that is exteriorThe unfortunate and accident victimsNew
poor victims of the economical crisis or unemploymentThe
isolatedThe absence of relationships The result of broken
relationships, e.g. the poverty of divorceLack of acquaintances or
of friends Those who have no futureWho cannot foresee how the
future will be, e.g. prisoners, the unemployed, workers who are
hired on a day to day basis The unwellWho have poor health: the
sick, the disabled, the blind, the deaf, the paralyzed, the
amputees, the mentally ill, etc
CONTDThe ignorant, the incompetent, the inexperiencedWho have
little culture, little knowledge, little learning, little
education, little trainingUsually more serious than the preceding
forms of poverty in LDCsThe unlovedLack affection, who do not
receive a minimum of recognition or no ties of love.Unloved as
children are handicapped for the rest of their lives.Those who lack
willpower or loveThe bottom of the scaleWithout will power, the
person himself/herself is affected during mental depressionWithout
desire, without willpower, without love, one cannot change, cannot
evolve. The persons vital strength is non-existent.
To allow oneself to be touched by this immense cancer that is
present at the heart of humanity is to take a tremendous risk. It
is to touch the very reason why Christ gave his life: to restore to
our deep dignity as Children of God.
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Causes of povertyUnequal distribution of resourcesUnproductive
human resourcesInadequate employment opportunitiesRapid population
growthLack of educationNatural disastersLack of moneyPoverty is
also caused by DRUGS & ALCOHOL as some people spendall their
money on addictions
Measurements of poverty
PovertyAbsolute PovertyRelative PovertyHuman Poverty Index
Poverty LineFood Poverty LineNon food Poverty LineLorenz Curve (
Gini index)National Poverty Line
CONTD Measures of absolute poverty: Human poverty indexDeveloped
by the United NationsNot only poor countries but also industrial
countries are suffering from the human poverty So economists
introduced separate two indexes
Human poverty index for developing countries (HPI 1)
Percentage of people who are living more than 40 years
(Longevity)Adults percentage with illiteracy (Knowledge)Percentage
of people who are impossible to access for pure waterPercentage of
low weight infants below 5 year old (Decent standards of
Poverty)
CONTDHuman poverty index for developing countries (HPI 2
)Percentage of people who are not living more than 60 years from
the total populationPercentage of people who are inability to read
and write in day today activities from the total populationSegment
of people who suffer from income povertyGroup of population suffer
from the unemployment more than 12 months
CONTDPoverty line:A critical threshold of income, consumption,
or more generally, access to goods and services below which
individuals are declared to be poorA minimum level of acceptable
economic participation in a given society at a given point of
timeThose with incomes or expenditures equal to or above the line
are not poorA person is considered poor if his or her income or
consumption level falls below a given minimum level necessary to
fulfill basic needs. What is necessary to satisfy basic needs is
different at different times and in different countriesTherefore,
poverty line may vary with time and place
CONTDFood poverty line:Minimum amount of food an individual must
consume to stay healthy Non food poverty line Average per capita
non-food expenditure of households whose per capita total
expenditure is close to the food poverty lineNational poverty
LineThis is the percentage of people living below the national
poverty line
Criticisms on Poverty LineA measure solely based on the cost of
foodNeeded to measure poverty through multiple factors such as
HousingTransportationRegional economic differencesThe thresholds
are lowCurrent poverty thresholds were established in the 1960s. It
should vary geographically to reflect variations in the costs of
meeting the needsThe analytical data is low to find the solution to
reduce the povertyEssential to have the categories (sex, age etc.)
what affect from poverty more. Then the solutions can be used to
that affected group
Measures of relative povertyThe Lorenz CurveMax O. Lorenz: 1905-
inequality of the wealth distributionA graphical representation of
the proportionality of distributionTo map the Lorenz curve, the
cumulative income share is plotted on the vertical axis and
distribution of the population on the horizontal axisAlways bowed
to the right of the line of equalityThe more curved a Lorenz curve
is, and the further it lies below the line of equalityA linear
Lorenz curve is evidence of perfect equality
CONTD
CONTDThe Sen index:
The weighted Sen index by the gini coefficient of the poor:
Formula:
Where, Gpp = The gini coefficient of the poverty gap ratios of
the poorP1P = The poverty gap index
CONTDThe Sen-Shorrocks-Thon index: The product of The headcount
index, The poverty gap index and The Gini coefficient of poverty
gap ratios for the population Formula:PSST= P0P1P(1+P)P1P = The
poverty gap indexP = The Gini coefficient of the poverty gap
ratios
Primary Measurements of povertyDirect Calorie Intake (DCI)If its
per capita calorie intake is less than the standard per capita
nutritional requirement (2,122 kcal per day)Best used to measure
under-nourishmentFood Energy Intake (FYI)Normally derived through
regression of the relationship between calorie intake and
expenditureCost of Basic Needs (CBN)Since 1995-96, BBS is using
itLower poverty line: Total expenditures on food and non-food
combined are equal to or less than the food poverty lineUpper
poverty line: Estimated by adding together the food and non-food
poverty lines
Other measurements of poverty Head Count Index: the proportion
of the population that is counted as poorFormula:
Np = Number of poor N = Total population
Rewrite as:
I is an indicator function that takes the value of 1 if the
bracketed is true and o otherwiseExpenditure Yi is less than
poverty line zDrawback: Fails to capture the extent to which
individual income falls below poverty line
CONTDPoverty Gap Index: Measure of the intensity
ofpovertyAverage of the ratio of the poverty gap to the poverty
lineExpressed as a percentage of the poverty line for a countryA
percentage between 0 and 100%Formula:PGI = 1/N (Z-Yj.1 (Yj <
Z)/Z)WhereN = Total populationq = Population of poor who are living
at or below thepoverty lineZ = The poverty line andYj = Income of
the poor individual j
CONTDFoster, Greer and Thorbecke set:P = 1/n (1-yi / yx )a Where
The poverty measure (p) is a function of the total number (n) of
households and the incomes of that sub-set whose income (yi) is
below the poverty line (yx) Varying the parameter (a) from 0 to 1
to 2 provides estimates respectively of the numbers of poor people
and the intensity and severity of their poverty
Other Poverty Indexes used by the World BankThe Human Suffering
Index (HSI)The Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) The Human
Development Index (HDI)Depth of poverty: How far below the poverty
line the poor population lives; also called the poverty gapPoverty
severity (squared poverty gap): Measures how poor the poor areAlso
measures how far below the poverty line individuals and households
are, with more consequence given to those at the very bottom
Effects of poverty
POVERTY
THANKS FOR YOUR KIND PATIENCE
