What do whales have to do with Saudi Arabia?

Defeat Darkness

58 Hours

41.5 Hours

1750 B.C.

3 Hours

1800

2 Hours

1850

Whale oil for light Demand increases Whales are common property Run out of whales Price of lamp oil goes up Look for substitutes

Samuel Kier !

Pennsylvania USA

!

1840s !

Salt Mine !

Oil byproduct

Petroleum Latin

petra - rock oleum - oil

George H. Bissell

Benjamin Stillman !

Yale University !

First to distill petroleum into

parts or fractions !

distill is to heat up and capture vapor

at different temperatures

BISSELL REPORT !

Your company have in their possession a raw material from

which, by simple and not expensive process, they may manufacture very valuable

products. !

It is worthy of note that my experiments prove that nearly the whole of the raw product may be manufactured without waste, and this solely by a well-

directed process which is in practice in one of the most

simple of all chemical processes.”

!Professor Benjamin Sillman

Yale College

Products Degrees C. Carbon

liquified petroleum gas 20 1 - 4

chemical, naphtha 70 5 - 9

gasoline 120 5 - 10

jet fuel, kerosene, paraffin 170 10 - 16

diesel 270 14-20

lubricants, oils, waxes, polishes 320 20 - 50

ships, factories, heating 370 20 - 70

bitumen, roads, roofs 400 >70

George H. Bissell !

Needed Financial Capital:

incorporation laws and investors

!

Pennsylvania Rock-Oil Company

!

Used Stillman Report

Colonel Drake August 27, 1859

!

Colonel Drake Titusville,

Pennsylvania USA

Kerosene !

Greek “wax”

!

Gasoline and Diesel

!

Dangerous byproducts

Electric Light Bulb 1883

!

!

1/4 the the price of Kerosene light

Nikolaus Otto 1867

Germany

Charles Duryea 1892

First gasoline-powered car !

!

Rudolph Diesel French - German

!

reads a book by Sadi Carnot

!

1881 patent ice maker

At first, his submission is declined as being "not original", however, after an appeal, a patent is

granted on February 28, 1892.

!Has 15 years of

protection !

Receives patents in Germany, United States,

and England !

Financial Capital Maschinefabrik Augsburg

John D. Rockefeller

Buys first refinery 1865

!

Starts Standard Oil 1870

!

Controls 90% of U.S. oil market

1890

Standard Oil !

Blue Barrel of Oil

bbl !

42 U.S. gallons 159 liters

!

allow for evaporation and

leakage to 40 gallons

Henry Ford

automobile innovator

!

Starts Ford Motor Company

1903

1908 Model T Ford

Ford Cars

Rockefeller Gasoline

Wright Brothers

December 17, 1903

1911 Monopoly Breakup

Damman No. 7 March 3,1938

!

Dhahran !

Standard Oil Rockefeller

World’s most valuable company

Hans von Ohain German

!

1939 !

Gas Turbine

Gas Turbine

Frank Whittle U.K.

!

May 15, 1941 First Jet Aircraft

Flight

Kerosene Fuel

Whales to 747s

Lubes, Waxes, other 7%

Road Construction 4%

Refinery Fuel 4%

Plastics & Petrochemicals 6%

Industrial Fuel 8%

Heating 7% Transportation

64%

Global Oil Use

Jet Fuel 6%

Residual Fuel 12%

Diesel 20%

Gasoline 26%

Transportation 64% of Global Oil Use