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05/02/2023
1SHAIKH GUFRAN MOHAMMED
GAFFAR.
*XI-B COMMERCE-18*
OBSERVE SOME UNEMPLOYED PEOPLE AND LIST DOWN THEIR
DAILY ROUTINE.
NAME OF THE GUIDEPREETI
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2WHAT IS
UNEMPLOYMENT ?.A person who is not gainfully employed in
any productive activity is called as unemployed
and collectively it is called as
Unemployment.
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3MEASUREMENT
Economists typically focus on the unemployment rate . The
unemployment rate is expressed as a percentage, and is calculated as
follows: Unemployment rate =unemployed
worker/total labour force. As defined by the International Labour Organization, unemployed
worker’s are those who are currently not working but are willing and able to work for pay, currently available to work, and actively searching for
work.
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4CAUSES OF
UNEMPLOYMENT High population growth. Absence of employment
opportunities. Seasonal unemployment.
Joint family system. Increasing turnout of students
from Indian Universities. Slow developing of Industries. Insufficient Rate of Economic
Progress.
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5TYPES OF
UNEMPLOYMENT 1.Rural unemployment.
A)Seasonal unemployment. B)Disguised unemployment.
2.Urban unemployment. A)Educated unemployment.
B)Technological unemployment. C)Frictional unemployment. D)Cyclical unemployment.
E)Structural unemployment.
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6RURAL
UNEMPLOYMENTAbout 58.7 percent of
labourers, in Indian villages, are engaged in primary sector. Most of them are
engaged in non-farm sector. Those rural labourers work in
cottage industries as iron-Smiths, carpenters, etc. and in different kinds of services.
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7SEASONAL
EMPLOYMENTOccurs when industries
slow or shutdown for a season or make
seasonal shift in their production schedules.
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8Disguised
Unemployment When some workers have zero marginal productivity so that
their removal will not affect the volume of total output.
Disguised unemployment implies underemployment of labour.
This kind of unemployment is a common feature of under
developed economies especially of their rural sector.
In short, overcrowding in an occupation leads to disguised
unemployment.
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9URBAN
UNEMPLOYMNET Unemployed persons, in urban areas, are quite often registered
with employment exchanges. It is so the urban employment, unlike disguised unemployment of rural
areas, is more like an open unemployment.
The number of registered unemployed, between 1961 and 2008, has soared up more than
eight-fold. Unemployment in urban areas can further be separated into two broad
categories.
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10
EDUCATED UNEMPLOYMENT
The problem among educated persons in India has touched an alarming point as it has spread across all parts of the country indicating a serious threat to
social peace and harmony. Major factors contributing to educated unemployment are:
It has been recorded that the number of educated persons has increased substantially due to the expansion of educational institutions such as
universities, college and schools. It is important to take note of the fact that quite often
degree holders fail to acquire a job, because the education system in India is not job-oriented; it is rather
degree-oriented. Enhancement in employment opportunities has lagged
behind in comparison with the enhancement in the volume of educated labour force. It is obvious from the
fact that in recent years the number of educated unemployed registered with employment exchanges has
shown the tendency of swelling up.
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11
TECHNOLOGICAL UNEMPLOYMENT
In urban areas the factory owners prefer machines to worker, so as
to be in a better position to complete. This is done to reduce the cost of production, increase the productivity of workers and
hereby increase profits. When new or superior technique of
production or use of capital – intensive methods, which
displaces the worker and results in technological unemployment.
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12
FRICTIONAL UNEMPLOYMENT
Frictional unemployment occurs when a worker moves from one job to another. It is a result of imperfect information in the labour market, because if job seekers knew that they would
be employed for a particular job vacancy, almost no time would
be lost in getting a new job, eliminating this form of
unemployment.
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13
CYCLICAL UNEMPLOYMENT
Unemployment that rises during economic
downturns and fall when the economy
improves
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14
STRUCTURAL EMPLOYMENT
Occurs when workers, skills do not match the jobs that are available. Technological advances
are one cause of structural employment.
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15
CONCLUSION In conclusion, another erupting challenge
standing before Pakistan is wide-spread unemployment. Thousands of educated
graduates are jobless. Hundreds of thousands of unemployed workers are forced to lead their lives below their status. Large scale unemployment has serious effect’s on the country’s production also, Moreover, the
country’s population has drastically increased during recent years. Therefore every step
taken to improve the living standard of common man proves to be futile and
ineffective. We conclude that there are two major
elements, which can reduce the unemployment i.e., use of labour intensive
industries and adoption of self- reliance policy. Progress and prosperity is impossible
without the reduction in unemployment.