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The Genesis of Islamic Economics : A Chapter in the Politics of Muslim
Identity by Timur Kuran
Article ReviewPrepared by
Rininta Nurrachmi
1
Presented for Islamic Economic class (ECON 7625)
on Monday 13 February 2017
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Summary of the Article
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Introduction
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The uprising of Islamic Economic in the 20th
century
Derive the history of Islamic Economic from
Mawdudi’s thesis. It was written in urdu
Kuran mentioned almost no research exist on origin of IE
It elaborates in 9 subsections
Subsection Discussion for Islamic Economic which refer to Mawdudi’s thesis in Kuran’s article
1. Justifying Cultural Separatism
2. Westernization and Muslim Disunity
3. The Logic of Cultural Separatism
4. Previous Campaign Renewal
5. Sources of Variation
6. The Imagined Umma
7. The Myth of Islam’s “Golden Age”
8. A Clash of Civilization
9. Identity Confusion and Its Repercussion
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1. Justifying Cultural Separatism
Muslim is minority in India
Indebted of Muslim farmers to Hindu Money lenders
Muslim India should form state of their own
Pakistan was born within a decadeMawdudi (1903-1979), Muslim need cultural autonomy not political independent
He promote Islamic Economic
2. Westernization and Muslim Disunity
Refashion Islam in western image
Mawdudi making the state Islamic
Many Muslim influenced by Westernization
Judging Islam by western criteria
3. The Logic of Cultural Separatism
Many Indian Muslim reject their heritageEducated minority Muslim attended religious school and avoid modern scienceIndia’s Muslim were way behind other major group in making requisite adaptation
Westernization weakening the India’s Muslim mind and behavior
Islamic norms is promoted through orthopraxy (behavioral correctness)
Good Muslim commit to Islam through orthophaxy
Economic change was central to modernization
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4. Previous Campaign Renewal
Moh.Iqbal (1876-1938), Economy is not instrument of change
He offer Muslim through economic matter to bring the ancestor glory and prosperity
Pan-Islamist unite Muslim world in 1 flag
In 19th and early 20th C, they paved the way Mawdudi did
The response become policy Modern in Turkey (Ataturk&Inonu) and Muslim modernism in Pakistan
Mawdudi, reformist Islamism(religious revival that promote modernization without westernization)
5. Sources of Variation
Western society put people with traditional background at a disadvantage
Muslim make certain adaptation but cant resist western culture
Local producer afraid competition from foreign producer
Adjustment during Ramadan with different culture
Mawdudi share agenda of secularist modernism
Coexistence western and Islamic culture caused a tension
6. The Imagined Umma
The Umma is one way to unified the Muslim world
Different is cultural, politic, linguistic but similar in Islam
Economic relation with Muslim nation is minimal and they traded with the Europe
Turkish leader abolished caliphate and committed Turkey to secularism
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7. The Myth of Islam’s “Golden Age”
It is 39 years period spanned in Prophet Muhammad leadership and four caliph
Golden age is Mawdudi chief instrument
Golden age is period of efficiency, justice, cooperation and self sacrifice
The vision of golden age is easy to communicate but hard to implement
There are many history of Islam but none receive attention Mawdudi’swriting
8. A Clash of Civilization
Islam and west could not coexist
Non Muslim influence Islamic civilization
Civilization is difficult to define because there is boundaries and diversitySayyid Quth,Egypt. Islam as comprehensive and self sufficient systemM. Baqir Asadr, he eager to prove Islam superiority to socialism
Iranian Revolution 1978-79. Cultural earthquake
Economy for Muslim who consider Western culture is a threat
9. Identity Confusion and Its Repercussion
Economics treat the benefit of identity and avoid to address the need of people
The evolution of IE was reached with Arab oil boom in 1970s
The benefit give support to Pan-Arab & Pan Islamic movement, IE
Islamic commercial bank started in 1975
Oil boom provide enhancement of institutional infrastructure of IE
Journal of IE published, International Conference
The major stimulus of IE was that Indo Muslim community was losing its identity
Critiques on the Article
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1
The term is 20th century product but part of the
ideas since the advent of Islam
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Give credit to one person for promotion of Islamic
Economic Mawlana SayyidAbu’l-A’la Mawdudi
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It was not Mawdudi who coin or popularized the term Islamic Economic.
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Kuran consider Indian subcontinent is the birth
place for Islamic Economics
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Islamic Economics is not a Sectarian discipline. The
basic source is Quran and Sunnah
Discussion Flow
1. According to Islahi (2015) there are 6 phases in Development of Islamic Economics before 20th century
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Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Phase 5 Phase 6
1st century of Islam/7th century CE
8th-11th century 12th-15th century 16th-18th century 19th &early 20th
century20th century
Formation period Translation period Retranslation & transmission period
dormant phase Awakening Phase The modern development of IE
Quran and Sunnahare main source in dealing socio economic problem
Translation of Greek & Persian scholarly heritage into Arabic language
Greco-Arab Islamic ideas translated from Arabic to Latin and other European languages
15th C was the peak of Muslimintellectual (IbnKhaldun,al-Maqrizi, al-Asadi, Ibn al-Azraq, al-Dawani
1. Intellectual,Awakening2. Economic Awakening3. Islamic Awakening
It is resultant of the three types ofawakening mentioned in the previous century
This period is termed as “Great gap” by Schumpeter
The movement of translation end in 11th
century but the dev of Islamic science continued
Muslim scholars based their ideasfrom Greek economic and Christian Scholar
Repetition of previously formulated ideas and commentary on their predecessors’ works
IE is the middle path that combine the virtues of two (Marxism & Capitalism) andeliminate their extremism
2. Mawlana Sayyid Abul-Ala Mawdudi
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• Mawdudi was not an economist (Zaman, 2013)
• He never interact with business, finance
• He is a profound thinker. Islam is a way of life.
• Mawdudi want to change the economic life of people not ‘economics”, he never use the
therm “Islamic economics” (Islahi, 2015)
• it was Professor Khurshid Ahmad who called it Islamic Economics, and taught it as a
sub-field of comparative economic systems (CES)
3. Mawdudi is not the one who coin or popularized Islamic Economic
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Chapra (2001) stated Islamic economics had been developing gradually as an interdisciplinary subject in the writings of Qur'an commentators, jurists, historians, and social, political and moral philosophers. A large number of scholars including1. Abu Yusuf (d. 182/798)2. al-Mas'udi (d.3461957)3. al-Mawardi (d. 450/1058)4. Ibn Hazm (d. 456/1064)5. al-Sarakhsi (d.483/1090)6. al-Tusi (d.485/1093)7. al-Ghazali (d.50511111)8. Ibn Taymiyyah (d.728/1328)9. Ibn al-Ukhuwwah (d.729/1329)10. Ibn al-Qayyim (d. 751/1350)11. al-Shatibi (d. 790/1388)12. Ibn Khaldun (d.808/1406)13. al-Maqrizi (d.845/1442)14. al-Dawwani (d.906/1501) 15. and Shah Waliyullah (d. 1176/1762) made valuable contributions over the centuries.
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4. Islamic Economic is not a product of single person or party
• Modern Islamic Economics developed mainly in 2 regions – Indian subcontinent & Middle East
• The term of “Islamic economics” was coined by Hyderabadi scholar (Islahi, 2015)
5. Islamic Economics is not a Sectarian discipline
• Quran and Sunnah as the basic source for IE
• The purpose is not self-interest that want to maximize wealth
• It is the best alternative to the existing system and the best solution to economic problems of humanity (Islahi, 2015)
ReferenceChapra, Muhammad Umar (2001). “What is Islamic Economics? “Jeddah: IRTI/IDB, 2nded.
Islahi, A. A. (2015). “The Genesis of Islamic Economics ” Revisited. Islamic Economic Studies, 23 no.2(November), 1–28.https://doi.org/10.12816/0015019
Kuran, Timur. "The Genesis of Islamic Economics: A Chapter in the Politics of Muslim Identity", Islam & Mammon, PrincetonUniversity Press (2004): 82 – 102. First published in Social Research, Vol. 64, no. 2 (Summer 1997), pp. 301-338.
Mirakhor, Abbas (2007). “A Note on Islamic Economics”, Jeddah: IRTI/IDB, pp. 26-27.
Wilson, Rodney (2011). Islamic Banking and finance in North Africa: Past Development and Future Potential, Tunis:African Development Bank,1-52.
Zaman, Arshad (2013). ”Mawlana Mawdudi and the Genesis of Islamic Economics” Paper presented to The NinthInternational Conference on Islamic Economics and Finance (ICIEF), held at Istanbul during 9-11 September 2013.
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