// financial series

10 Ways toBorrow WiselyCriteria to Help You Compare Venture Debt Term Sheets

John McCulloughDirector of Business

& Corporate Development

As either a key source of minimally dilutive growth funding and/ or runway between equity financings, debt is an important component of the capital structure for many VC-backed startups.

Whether you’re raising your first credit line or have been working with the same lender for years, it’s important to understand how to compare venture debt offers (in very general terms, we’ll define venture debt as term financing with durations of between 3 and 5 years), either from less risk-averse venture debt funds or more conservative banks.

While not exhaustive, here are 10 items to compare across competing term sheets that should, to some extent, be up for negotiation….

1. Loan Size

// financial series

Loan SizeWhat sort of turn on revenue or earnings is the lender willing to give you? It may be more than you need, or less. Sizing often ranges from ~20% to 100% of the most recent venture round.

2. Interest Rate

// financial series

Interest RateNot only the initial rate itself, but whether floating or fixed. A lot of term sheets these days propose a spread to prime rate, which is obviously variable; if floating, understand both the reference rate and the spread. Also be sure to know if there is a minimum (aka “floor”) rate as part of the variable construct. Currently, banks tend to hover around 5-8% total rate, while more risk tolerant venture debt firms are more often in the 10-14% range.

3. Interest-Only Period

// financial series

Interest-Only PeriodGiven the cash-burn profile of many startups, lenders are willing to forgo principal repayments for a period (broadly speaking, in exchange for upside via warrants, higher collateral, or in other ways); this can range from roughly 0 to 18 months depending on the lender and profile of the business.

4. Term / Maturity Date

// financial series

Interest-Only Period

For obvious reasons a longer term may be more desirable, and they generally range from 36 to 48 months.

5. Warrant Coverage

// financial series

Warrant CoverageUsually expressed as a percentage of the loan size, warrants represent the right of the bank to purchase preferred equity shares in the business — usually at a share price equal to the lower of the most recent equity round or the next equity round. If included, coverage can run from a few percentage points with banks to as high as 10 to 15% with venture debt funds.

6. Unused Facility Fee

// financial series

Unused Facility FeeOften banks will charge a fee on the unused portion of a credit facility (if you’ve chosen to use a revolver in addition to the term loan) as compensation for keeping the line open and assuring the borrower the funds will be there in the future at the stated contractual rate regardless of market conditions. It’s generally expressed as a small percent of the facility size and paid monthly or quarterly. These fees range from zero to a few percentage points.

7. Pre-Payment Penalty

// financial series

Pre-Payment PenaltyTerm sheets may request none, or may lay out a detailed waterfall whereby the penalty, as a percent of the loan, steps down incrementally as the pre-payment date moves closer to the maturity date (i.e. from 3% for first 12 months, to 2% in the second 12 months, and so on); typically you should expect to see 1-3% of principal. In some cases all future interest payments may be accelerated.

8. MAC

// financial series

Material Adverse ChangeA material adverse change clause allows the lender to call a loan if they deem a material change (i.e. something unpredictable) in the business to have taken place that renders the company unable to repay, or more generally, significantly increases the risk assumed by the lender. Simply put, you’d rather not be subject to a MAC clause — but if you are, the goal is to narrow the scope of the clause to the extent practical.

9. Covenants

// financial series

Material Adverse ChangeWhile venture debt providers don’t usually require covenants, the more conservative bank lenders will often propose a minimum liquidity covenant (the dollar amount of working capital) and / or trailing EBITDA profit / loss thresholds that are tested quarterly; while not ideal, if the covenants are easily met than this may be a more acceptable ‘give’ than higher debt costs and other unfavorable features.

10. Other

// financial series

OtherBoard observer seats, rights to invest in subsequent equity rounds, requirements to keep primary depository and operating accounts with the institution (in the case of banks only) may also appear on term sheets.