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World History - EOC Performance Level Descriptor Study Guide
About This Study Guide:
In May 2012, the Texas Education Agency released Performance Level Descriptors that outlined what students at each EOC
Performance Level could do. This study guide provides background information to help you prepare to meet these levels. It is
your goal to achieve a Level II (Satisfactory) or Level III (Advanced) Performance.
Access the Performance Level Descriptors at http://www.tea.state.tx.us/student.assessment/staar/socstudies/
About the EOC Test:
There are 5 categories on the World History test. The chart below shows how many questions you can expect for each category.
Category Number of Questions
History 8000 BC to AD 1750 18
History 1750 to the Present 20
Geography and Culture 10
Government and Citizenship 10
Economics, Science, Technology, and Society 10
The EOC will also assess Social Studies Skills. You’ll need to be able to
Interpret maps, graphs, and charts to show the relationship between geography and history.
Explain and use primary and secondary source documents, considering the frame of reference, historical context, and
point of view.
Analyze information by sequencing, categorizing, identifying cause-and-effect relationships, comparing, contrasting,
finding the main idea, summarizing, making generalizations and predictions, drawing inferences and conclusions, and
developing connections between historical events over time.
Know and use social studies vocabulary.
How to Answer a Multiple Choice Question:
Examine the question. Read the entire question. Study any pictures, charts, passages, or maps.
Recall what you know about the topic. Feel free to jot notes on your test.
Answer the question. Check all of the answer choices and eliminate any choices that are obviously wrong.
General Study Tips:
Plan ahead. You don’t want to try to cram everything in the day or the week before the exam.
Pick the right time of day to study. Try not to wait until late at night when you are too tired to focus.
Find a study partner or group.
Read, reread, and write, and rewrite your notes!
Links for Study Tools:
The Flow of History – Visual flow charts of historical events - http://www.flowofhistory.com/units
Student’s Friend – a concise online World History textbook - http://www.studentsfriend.com/index.html
Glencoe World History – videos of events in World History - http://goo.gl/m8n4w
Crash Course in World History - http://www.youtube.com/user/crashcourse
Additional links are provided throughout this document
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Level I – Unsatisfactory Identify the causes of armed conflicts and political revolutions (Combined with Level II: Explain the causes and impact of armed conflicts and political revolutions)
Time Period Causes of Conflicts / Revolutions Impact of Conflicts / Revolutions
8000 BC- 500 BC RV Civilizations
None during this time period
500 BC – 600 AD Classical Era
Persian War (490-479 BC)
Greek city states vs. the Persians. Persians sought to conquer/control territory to expand their empire.
Learn more about the Persian War. http://goo.gl/fehqc
Begins Golden Age of Athens, Athens becomes leader of city states
Peloponnesian War (431 – 404 BC)
Athens v. Sparta for dominance in the Greek city states
Weakens city-states, makes them vulnerable for Macedonia (Alexander the Great) to conquer
Punic Wars (265-146 BC)
Roman wars to conquer western Mediterranean (Sicily, Spain, N. Africa)
Expansion of the Roman Empire
600 -1450 Post-Classical Era
The Crusades (1095 – 1291)
Series of armed conflicts between Christians and Muslims in the Holy Land called by Pope Urban. Christians sought to expel the Muslims from Jerusalem Learn more about the Crusades. http://goo.gl/eknNz
Only the first Crusade is successful, every other crusade loses ground. Failures weaken the power of the Pope. Trade in spices and goods leads Europeans to want to trade more and to seek new routes, beginning of the Age of Exploration
Mongol Invasions
Led by Genghis Khan and his followers, Mongols created an empire from China to Russia that lasted 1-3 centuries; largest land empire in history
China (1279-1368)
Russia (1240 – 1480)
Southwest Asia/Islamic Caliphates
India (1398) Learn more about the Mongols.
http://goo.gl/Gx12k
Expanse of empire created stability (Pax Mongolia) that allowed for trade, spread of ideas, technology, etc.
China – Disrupted dynasty cycle, became Yuan dynasty
Russia – destroyed cities, cut Russia off from the rest of Europe, Moscow emerges as major city
SW Asia – Mongols adopt Islam (Culture and language change), increase use of irrigation, increase economic power
India – Timur Lenk (Tamerlane) sacks Delhi in 1398
1450 – 1750 Connecting Hemispheres
The Reconquista (1492)
Christians in Spain led by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella pushed the Moors (Muslims) out of Europe
Ends 700 years of Muslim influence in Europe
English Civil War (1642-1651)
Oliver Cromwell leads parliamentary forces to defeat King Charles, created republic but Cromwell becomes a dictator.
Learn more about the English Civil War. http://goo.gl/IALJz
After Cromwell, the monarchy returns but power is limited by sharing power with Parliament, English Bill of Rights (1689)
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1750 – 1914 Age of Revolutions
The American Revolution (1775-1783)
British colonist in American wanted more freedom, especially from taxation without representation; belief in liberty, equality, and democracy. The Revolution was influences by the Glorious Revolution (belief in a limited monarchy, written bill of rights) and Enlightenment (calls for secular outlook, ability to question authority)
Learn more about the American Revolution. http://goo.gl/nEfGv
America becomes the first independent colony and modern constitutional republic. US Constitution (1789) and Bill of Rights (1789) become models for the world. American Revolution inspires France and other revolutions.
The French Revolution (1789-1795)
Inequality in class systems (1st, 2nd, 3rd Estates), abuses by the nobility and the king, state debt and high taxes, starving peasants from crop failures. Influenced by the Enlightenment and the American Revolution.
Learn more about the French Revolution. http://goo.gl/Irvwm
Declaration of the Rights of Man was published. Parliament established. King Louis XIV and Marie Antoinette were beheaded during the reign of terror. Chaos in government allows Napoleon Bonaparte to take power, create the French empire.
Napoleonic Wars (1803 – 1815)
Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself emperor in 1802 and began attempts to conquer Europe. Succeeded in conquering significant portions but was unable to conquer Russia.
Learn more about Napoleon and the Napoleonic
Wars. http://goo.gl/t5ATZ
In France: Restores order to France. Create national bank and efficient tax collection. Napoleonic Code provides uniform set of laws. In Europe: spreads Enlightenment ideas (nobility loses privileges; bureaucracy filled by talented people; religious toleration.) Unites Italy and Germany. Inspires nationalism in conquered territories. In Latin America: Spanish and Portuguese monarchs were forced to abdicate. Colonies, isolated from mother countries, control their own trade and form governments. Haiti becomes independent.
Latin American Revolutions
Seeing the success of the American Revolution, many colonies began to break away from European mother countries
Simon Bolivar leads in Colombia and Venezuela
Jose de San Martin leads in Argentina, Chile, and Peru
Father Miguel Hidalgo leads in Mexico Learn more about the Latin American Revolutions.
http://goo.gl/oIbrD
Many countries wrote constitutions and tried to grant equality, but Latin American revolutions tended to not be as successful as the American Revolution. Large landowners, the wealthy upper classes, and the military tended to take control and form oligarchies or dictatorships.
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1914 – Present 20th Century to the Present
World War I (1914-1918)
Use the acronym MANIA to remember the causes of WWI.
Militarism – glorifying military strength; arms race between countries
Alliance systems – Countries banding together. Triple Entente (Great Britain, France, Russia) v. Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy)
Nationalism – Intense devotion to the interests or culture of one’s nation; the belief that nations benefit from acting independently rather than collectively
Imperialism – European nations competed for colonies in Africa and Asia
Assassination - Austrian archduke Francis Ferdinand is assassinated by Serbian rebel Gavrilo Princip, sparking the conflict.
Learn more about the causes of WWI. http://goo.gl/SVSJq
Modern military technology (airplanes, poison gas, machine guns, armored tanks) emerge. 8.5 million soldiers killed, creating “The Lost Generation” in Europe, disillusioned with modern life. Ottoman Empire ends. Treaty of Versailles ends the war. “Peace built on quicksand.” Blames Germany for the war. Germany loses territory and is limited in size/scope of military. League of nations is formed. President Woodrow Wilson proposes Fourteen Points. Suggests end to secret treaties, free trade, freedom of the seas, reduced size of armies and navies, adjusting colonial claims, self determination of new European nations created from the Ottoman Empire, and the League of Nations
Russian Revolution (1917)
Series of revolutions in 1917. Caused by widespread discontent in all classes of Russia, revolutionaries agitating for change, weak leadership by Czar Nicholas II, heavy losses in WWI, food and fuel shortages during WWI. Learn more about Czar Nicholas II and the causes of
the Russian Revolution. http://goo.gl/2PJLs
Civil war breaks out from 1918 – 1920 between White Army and Red Army (communists). White Army is defeated, 15 million Russians died. Led to the Bolsheviks establishing the communist dictatorship, the USSR in 1922.
World War II (1939-1945)
One major cause was unresolved issues from World War I and the hostility created by the Treaty of Versailles. Adolf Hitler is able to gain power quickly in humiliated Germany. European powers follow policy of appeasement with Hitler, allowing him to take more power in exchange for promises of no further aggression. Germany invaded Poland in 1939, leading France and Great Britain to declare war on Germany. Japanese imperialism and need for raw materials starts war in the East after Manchuria is invaded. United States enters the war after the December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan. Learn more about appeasement. http://goo.gl/Fq10i
Capitalist, democratic US and communist, dictatorship USSR emerge as super powers in direct competition with each other, creates the Cold War. Devastation allows Red Army and Mao Zedong to establish communism in China. Development and use of the first nuclear weapons. US bombs Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Holocaust (genocide) kills more than 6 million Jews. European colonies that helped mother country fight in war push for independence.
The United Nations replaced the League of Nations.
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Cold War (1945-1989)
Hostility between capitalist, democratic western nations led by the United States and communist, totalitarian nations led by the USSR. Typically not an open war, but there were a few exceptions:
Korean War (1950-1953) fight for control between North (communist, supported by USSR) and South (democratic, supported by the US) Korea.
Vietnam War (1953-1975) fight for control between North (communist, supported by USSR) and South (democratic, supported by the US) Vietnam.
Learn more about the Cuban Missile Crisis. http://goo.gl/da8jC
Learn more about the end of the Cold War. http://goo.gl/5J6t0
The US and the USSR compete to build the best army with the most nuclear weapons. Military blocs, NATO and the Warsaw Pact, were formed to assure mutual defense for member nations. The Korean War ended in a draw. The boundary remained at the 38th parallel. North Korea remains communist to this day. The Vietnam War ended in defeat. Many Americans began to seriously question the US government; protests and dissatisfaction were common.
Create a timeline of the major armed conflicts and political revolutions. Recognize different social, political, economic, and cultural systems
Social Systems A social system organizes and orders society. The following are some examples of social systems in history.
Feudalism in Medieval Europe and Japan. Feudalism was a system of mutual obligations between members of society in Europe and Japan. Military power was highly valued.
Caste System. The caste system developed in ancient India divided society into different levels. Once born into a caste, people could not change castes. Jobs, marriages, privileges, etc. were determined by caste.
Apartheid. A modern example of a social system is the apartheid system in South Africa to strictly segregate the black and white races. Apartheid was enforced from 1948 to 1994 and ended with the first democratic general elections in which Nelson Mandela was elected president.
Another example of a social system is Economic Systems
Capitalism/Free
Enterprise
Producers and consumers participate voluntarily. Consumer demand drives production. Ex: The United
States
Communism Strong government planning and control of the production and distribution of goods and services. Ex:
China
Socialism Collective social control of production planned by group. Ex: Switzerland
Traditional Economy
Production of just enough to live on, subsistence level agriculture. Use of bartering instead of money. Ex: some cultures in Third World countries.
Learn more about economic systems. http://goo.gl/LJjcU
Japan v. Europe
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Political Systems
Democracy Government controlled by its citizens, either directly or indirectly (Ex: Directly - Ancient Athens; Indirectly: United States)
Totalitarianism Government control over every aspect of public and private life (Ex: Stalin in the U.S.S.R.)
Absolute
Monarchy
King or Queen who has unlimited power and seeks to control all aspects of society (Ex: Louis XIV of France)
Limited Monarchy Laws limit the power of a ruler (Ex: constitutional monarchy- England after the Glorious Revolution)
Theocracy Ruler control both religious and political affairs and is seen as divine. (Ex: Ancient Egypt)
Oligarchy Rule by a few, especially when rule is based on wealth (Ex: Greek city-states)
Learn more about types of governments. http://goo.gl/cVun4
Cultural Systems: Religions
Religion Origin Beliefs
Hinduism India ~1500 BC
Hindus believe in one Supreme Being, Brahman, that manifests as many different gods and goddesses. (Ex: Shiva, Vishnu, Ganesh, etc) Reincarnation is the belief that at death a person’s soul is reborn as another living thing. A person’s behavior in life is called karma. Karma determines what a person will be reincarnated as. Living a good life results in being reincarnated into a higher caste; living a bag life results in being reincarnated into a lower caste. The most sacred location in Hinduism is the Ganges River which can wash away sin and evil. The cow is considered sacred. Hindus do not eat beef.
Buddhism India (modern day Nepal) ~ 520 BC
Buddhism evolved from Hinduism. Founded by Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha (“The Enlightened One”), Buddhism teaches that self-discipline and meditation can break the cycle of reincarnation. Buddha taught that there are 4 Noble Truths that explain life’s meaning. These are that pain and suffering are caused by desire and that to escape desire, people should follow the 8-Fold Path. By following the 8-Fold Path, people can live a good life and reach nirvana, a state of eternal peace and bliss.
Learn more about the spread of Buddhism. http://goo.gl/iJcS6
Judaism Middle East (modern day Israel) ~1300 BC
Judaism teaches monotheism – the belief in one God. The sacred test of Judaism is the Torah. It is the first books of the Bible, also known as the Old Testament. Central to the teachings of Judaism is the Ten Commandments which is a moral code of conduct that emphasizes living justly, believing in one God, honoring one’s parents, and not killing or stealing.
Learn about Judaism and Christianity. http://goo.gl/V6wFa
Christianity
Middle East (modern day Israel) ~ 33 AD
Christianity evolved from Judaism. Based on the teachings of Jesus. Jesus, a Jew, was thought by some to be the Messiah or Savior. He, along with his group of followers, the Apostles, preached mercy, forgiveness, sympathy for the poor and helpless, and living justly. The reward for living a good life is going to Heaven in the afterlife. The Bible is the sacred text of Christianity, consisting of the Old and New Testaments.
Learn more about the spread of Christianity. http://goo.gl/D47DC
Confucianism China ~ 551 BC
Confucius, a Chinese philosopher, taught that the universe and human relationships follow a natural order. Each person has a role to play, and when everyone fulfills their obligations, peace and harmony result. In every relationship there are superior and inferiors. Superiors must show love and responsibility while inferiors must show loyalty and obedience. Filial piety is love and respect that children should show to their parents. The Mandate of Heaven is the right to rule, earned by the ruler for ruling well. If a ruler does not rule well, the people will rebel.
Islam Arabian Peninsula (modern day Saudi Arabia) 622 AD
Muhammad is the founder of Islam. He believed that he had been selected to be the one true Prophet of God. The Five Pillars of Islam teach that Muslims should have faith, pray 5 times a day, contribute to charity, fast during the holy month of Ramadan, and make a pilgrimage to Mecca once in their life, if able. The holy book of Islam is the Quran (also known as the Koran). Islam teaches that Allah is the same god as Judaism and Christianity.
Learn more about the Five Pillars of Islam. http://goo.gl/9lnld Learn more about the spread of Islam. http://goo.gl/y7AMj
Sikhism India ~ 1500 AD
Sikhism developed in Northern India as the result of Muslim and Hindu beliefs. It was founded by Guru Granth Sahib. Sikhs believe in one God, like Islam, and reincarnation, like Hinduism. Core beliefs are the equality of all people and the need for a close relationship with God. It rejects the caste system.
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Create a timeline of the founding of the major world religions. Indicate on the map below the founding location of the major world religions.
Recognize the characteristics of civilizations and empires
A civilization is a form of human culture in which people live. The characteristics include: a social structure, government, religion, writing or record keeping, technology, and art or architecture. The first civilizations developed in the ancient river valleys.
Learn more about the River Valley Civilizations. http://goo.gl/GJFKI
An empire is a large geographic area of formerly independent states or countries under a single supreme authority, usually known as an emperor or empress. Major empires in World History include the Roman Empire and the British Empire.
Learn about imperialism. http://goo.gl/IQ2FE Identify the human and physical geographic factors that influence major events in world history Physical and human geography impact world history. Some examples of this include:
First civilizations developed near rivers because the rivers provided water for farming and irrigation and transportation for trade.
Trade in the Indian Ocean followed the seasonal monsoon patterns. These routes connected India, Africa, and the Middle East, allowing for the spread of Islam and the development of the spice trade.
Learn more about Indian Ocean Trade. http://goo.gl/qMako
The opening of canals like the Panama (1914) and Suez (1869), use technology to connect bodies of water to increase trade. The creation of these canals makes the locations important in world trade and contributes to modernization of these countries.
Other questions to consider
What role did geography play in the development of the Greek civilization? (hint: Mountains)
How did geography influence the development of the Roman civilization? (hint: Mediterranean sea and roads)
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What role did geography play in the Crusades? (hint: spices)
Why does the Americas develop so differently from Europe and the rest of the world before Columbus? (hint: oceans)
Match significant individuals, groups, and organizations with their social, political, economic, technological, and/or cultural contributions (Combined with Level II: Describe the impact of significant individuals, groups, and organizations) Individual / Group / Organization
Category Era Contributions
Al-Qaeda Political 1914-Present
Terrorist organization founded by Osama bin Laden, responsible for 9/11 attacks on the US
Archimedes Technological 8000-600
Greek mathematician who studied density, levers, pulleys, and invented a screw water pump device.
Aquinas, Thomas
Political 600-1450
Christian philosopher whose thoughts influenced politics; believed that truth is known through faith and reason, people have right to challenge unjust laws.
Blackstone, William
Political 1450-1750
English judge whose writing helped explained the common law and defined rights of individuals
Bolivar, Simon Political 1750-1914
Independence leader in South America against the Spanish
Bonaparte, Napoleon
Political 1750-1914
Emperor of France who conquered much of Europe, sparking the Napoleonic Wars; his law code became foundation of many modern European laws
Boyle, Robert Technological 1450-1750
“Father of Chemistry”
Calvin, John Political/ Cultural
1450-1750
Began Protestant religion in Geneva; taught predestination, faith as key to salvation, strict moral code; established theocracy
Churchill, Winston
Political 1914-Present
British Prime Minister during WWII
Learn more about Winston Churchill http://goo.gl/F80d6Copernicus Technological 600-
1450 Proposed heliocentricity (Earth rotates around the sun)
Curie, Marie Technological 1750-1914
First woman to win Nobel prize for her work studying radioactivity
Edison, Thomas Technological 1750-1914
Invented light bulb, phonograph, motion pictures Learn about how electric light changed the world. http://goo.gl/zzLUa
Einstein, Albert Technological 1914 – Present
Discovered space and time are relative; contributed to the development of the atomic bomb
Elizabeth I (Queen)
Political / Cultural
1450-1750
Created a strong, centralized monarchy based on national unity and sharing powers between monarchy and Parliament; Golden Age of England, supported arts
Eratosthenes Technological 8000-600
Greek geographer who showed that Earth was round and also calculated the circumference
Galileo Technological 1450-1750
Studied motion; telescope observations confirmed Copernican theory; tried and convicted of heresy by the Catholic Church.
Gandhi, Indira Political / Social
1914-Present
First female Prime Minister of India, later assassinated
Gandhi, Mohandas
Political / Social
1914 – Present
Leader of Indian independence movements, advocated passive, non-violent resistance
Learn more about Gandhi and Indian independence http://goo.gl/8sgfu
Gorbachev, Mikhail
Political 1914-Present
Reformed the USSR (Glastnost, Perestroika), leading to the election of non-Communist governments in Eastern Europe and the dissolution of the Soviet Union
Hammurabi Political 8000 -500
Creator of the first written law code in history
Hitler, Adolf Political 1914 – Present
Nazi leader of the totalitarian party in Germany, caused WWII and the Holocaust Learn more about Adolf Hitler http://goo.gl/s6dBf
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Hobbes, Thomas Political 1450-1750
Enlightenment philosopher who advocated for a strong central government in order to protect the order of society
Jefferson, Thomas
Political 1750 – 1914
American author of the Declaration of Independence, the culmination of Enlightenment philosophies into political action
Justinian Political 500-600
Byzantine leader whose law code collected and organized all of Roman law into a single code, foundational for laws in Europe
Las Madres de la Plaza de Mayo
Social 1914 – Present
Mothers who demanded that the Argentinian government reveal the whereabouts of children who mysteriously disappeared in the 1980s
League of Nations
Political / Social
1914 – Present
International organization founded after WWI to prevent future conflicts through cooperation
Locke, John Political 1450-1750
Philosopher; believed that people entered into social contract, that the power of the government comes from the people, and that people have the right to overthrow abusive governments
Mandela, Nelson Political / Social
1914 – Present
Imprisoned in South Africa for protesting against apartheid; after being released, became first black President of South Africa
Marx, Karl Political 1914-Present
Philosopher, ideas became basis of communism; believed proletariat (workers) would eventually overthrow bourgeoisie (wealthy, bosses)
Meir, Golda Political / Social
1914 – Present
First female Prime Minister of Israel
Montesquieu, Charles de
Political 1450-1750
Philosopher, argued for need of separation of powers in government
Mother Teresa Social 1914 – Present
Catholic nun who devoted her life to helping the poor and homeless living on the streets of India; awarded Nobel Peace Prize
Mussolini, Benito
Political 1914-Present
Leader of fascist party in Italy during WWII
Newton, Isaac Technological 1450 – 1750
Discovered the laws of gravity; promoted idea that universe followed orderly, fixed, and fundamental laws
Pasteur, Louis Technological 1750-1914
Discovered that diseases are caused by germs; developed vaccines; invented pasteurization, the process of killing germs by heat
Pope John Paul II
Political/ Religious
1914 – Present
Polish pope, helped end Communism in Eastern Europe
Pythagoras Technological 8000 – 600
Greek mathematician whose work advanced geometry
Reagan, Ronald Political 1914-Present
U.S. President who influenced the end of Communism; gave Berlin Wall speech ordering Gorbachev to tear down the wall
Romero, Oscar Social 1914 - Present
Catholic archbishop of El Salvador who spoke out against poverty, social injustice, and torture in his country; assassinated by a death squad
Roosevelt, Franklin D.
Political 1914-Present
Longest serving US President; led US out of Great Depression and during WWII
Rousseau, John Jacques
Political 1750-1914
Philosopher whose writing inspired French Revolution; government should follow the people’s will
Sharansky, Nathan
Social 1914 – Present
human rights activist that monitored human rights activities in the U.S.S.R.; founder of the Refusenik movement; eventually settled in Israel where helped settle new immigrants to Israel
Smith, Adam Political 1750-1914
Wrote “The Wealth of Nations,” advocated for a free-market economy
Stalin, Joseph Political 1914- Present
Communist leader of USSR during WWII and the Cold War
Thatcher, Margaret
Political / Social
1914 – Present
First woman elected Prime Minister of Great Britain
Tiananmen Square protestors
Social 1914 – Present
several thousand students who organized in Beijing to protest Deng Xiaoping’s anti-democratic policies through demonstrations and hunger strikes; symbolized by “Tank Man”
Tojo, Hideki Political 1914 – Present
General who lead Japanese government in WWII, planned Pearl Harbor attacks
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United Nations Political / Social
1914 – Present
Replaced League of Nations; International organization which promotes world peace though cooperation
Victoria (Queen) Political / Social
1750 – 1914
Monarch who expanded England’s empire to height of power and wealth; favorable toward social reforms
Learn more about Queen Victoria. http://goo.gl/ylnJ7
Voltaire Political 1450-1750
Enlightenment philosopher whose views on religious toleration and intellectual freedom influenced American and French Revolutions
Walesa, Lech Political 1914-Present
Polish dockworker who led strike to get Polish government to recognize the Solidarity union, the first independent free-trade union in the Soviet bloc. Elected president of Poland in 1990 after the fall of communism.
Watt, James Technological 1750 – 1914
Invented the steam engine
Wilberforce, William
Social 1750 – 1914
Led the fight to abolish the slave trade and slavery
Wilson, Woodrow
Political 1914 – Present
US President during WWI, Wilson’s plan for peace, the Fourteen Points, was instrumental in the founding of the League of Nations
Zedong, Mao Political 1914-Present
Chinese communist leader after WWII; brutal totalitarian whose policies included the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution
Identify and use social studies sources Historians study the past through the use of primary and secondary sources.
A primary source is an original record or a first-hand testimony of an event. Ex: official records, letters by people involved in the event, diaries, speeches, photographs, or artifacts
Identify an event in history and list a primary source that could be used to study it:
A secondary source is the writing or interpr4eations of later writes who have reviewed the information in a primary source. A secondary source interprets, assigns value to, reflection, or draws conclusions about events in primary sources. Ex: textbooks, encyclopedias, etc.
Identify another secondary source Primary and secondary sources can be difficult to read sometimes. If you are having trouble reading a passage, try these steps.
Skip the word you do not know. Can you understand the main idea without the word? If so, just move on and ignore the word.
Can you use context clues to make sense of the word? Is it related to a familiar word? Can you substitute it with a word you do know?
Here’s a released EOC question. Practice working with words you may not know.
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Level II – Satisfactory
Explain the causes and impact of armed conflicts and political revolutions
See the chart on pages 2-5. Analyze the historical development of political systems Political Systems
Democracy First direct democracy begins in Ancient Athens. Wealthy, males born in Athens were considered citizens and allowed to participate in the government. Each citizen has one vote.
First modern democracy begins in the United States when colonies break away from England. The US becomes a democratic republic; citizens vote for representatives to serve in the government. Citizenship is originally limited to males and expanded to others over time.
Totalitarianism Totalitarianism exists throughout history in many forms. Some examples include:
The Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin
Italy under Benito Mussolini
Germany under Adolf Hitler
China under Mao Zedong
North Korea under Kim Il Jung
Absolute
Monarchy
The best example of an absolute monarch is Louis XIV of France. He was called the Sun King because it was said that the sun rose and set with him. His slogan, “L’etat c’est moi,” or “I am the state” sums up his importance to France.
Limited
Monarchy
Limited monarchies emerge as citizens push for more rights and power
In England, the Magna Carta (1215), English Bill of Rights (1689), and English Civil War place limits on the power of the monarchy and give more power to the Parliament.
Theocracy In Ancient Egypt, the pharaohs were considered both gods and kings.
Oligarchy Ancient Sparta was an oligarchy.
Describe the impact of significant individuals, groups, and organizations
See the chart on pages 8-10. Understand the development of trade and economic systems
Silk Roads – Connects China and Rome. Silk and spices were traded to the west from China. Facilitates the spread of religions (Christianity, Buddhism, Islam) and technology/ideas (paper, gunpowder, etc.).
Learn more about Silk Roads and ancient trade. http://goo.gl/XzaEN African Gold-Salt Trade – Arab and Berber traders took salt from the Sahara to West Africa in exchange for gold. Ghana
and Mali controlled the gold-salt trade.
Indian Ocean Trade - Arab and Indian traders used the seasonal monsoon winds to their advantage, connecting India, the Middle East, and Africa.
Ming China (1368-1644) – Began expeditions to impress the world with their power and to expand their tribute system; ended these voyages because of the financial burden and disinterest in the rest of the world. Chinese did trade with Europeans who travelled to China. Europeans wanted silk and porcelain; the Chinese wanted silver.
Slave trade – First large-scale slave trades begin in 7th century when Islamic traders trade good for Africans and transport them to SW Asia. Slave trade in the Americas begins in the 1500s as Europeans needed workers for agricultural plantations. Slaves in African and Muslim societies had legal rights and opportunity for social mobility; slaves in modern Western societies did not.
Learn about the effects of the slave trade on the Americas. http://goo.gl/QO3Yf Free Trade – In the 20th century, countries banded together to eliminate barriers to trading between them. Ex:
European Union, NAFTA Learn more about NAFTA. http://goo.gl/OsVbj
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Label the trade systems listed on the map.
Identify the social, political, economic, and cultural causes and consequences of empire building
Causes Positive Consequences Negative Consequences
Social Racist attitudes that lead people to believe that they are superior to others, “White Man’s Burden”
Social Darwinism promoted the idea of survival of the fittest; those with the most wealth are the fittest to survive
European military presence reduces local warfare.
Humanitarian efforts improve sanitation and education.
Colonial infrastructure aids in economic growth.
Products from colonies are valued in the international market.
Native people lose their lands and independence.
When Europeans colonized new lands, diseases they introduced killed many people. (Ex: Aztec and Incas killed by smallpox)
Areas stripped of natural resources. (Ex: The Congo under the Belgians)
Artificial boundaries either combines rival groups or divides kinship groups that continues to create political problems in former colonies.
Political Nationalism
The desire for colonies
Economic Search for new markets and raw materials
Cultural Missionaries want to spread their religion
Learn more about European imperialism in Africa. http://goo.gl/rEMJp List an example of an empire for each of the following time periods.
8000 – 600 BC 600 - 500 BC: 600 – 1450: 1450-1750: 1750 – 1914: Are there any empires from 1914 – Present? Why/Why not? Analyze the influence of human and physical geographic factors on major events in world history See the section “Identify the human and physical geographic factors that influence major events in world history” on page 7.
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Trace and explain the historical development of world cultures and religions
Religion Spread and Current Adherents
Hinduism Hinduism has more than 900 million adherents and dominates South Asia. It also influences Southeast and Central Asia.
Buddhism Buddhism has more than 350 million adherents and has spread to Central, Southeast, and East Asia.
Judaism There are more than 14 million Jews, primarily in Israel, Europe, and North America.
Christianity There are nearly 2 billion Christians in the world, spread throughout Europe, Africa, the Americas, and Asia
Islam 1.3 billion Muslims are spread throughout West and Southwest Asia, North Africa, and Southeast Asia.
Sikhism Sikhism has more than 20 million adherents, mostly in India.
Confucianism There are nearly 5 million followers of Confucianism, mostly in China.
Create a bar graph comparing the number of followers of the world’s major religions. Explain the impact of intellectual and social movements
Movement Period Impact
The Renaissance 1450 – 1750
Political: Increased curiosity about the world leads to exploration.
Intellectual: Humanism focuses on the potential greatness of humans and the study of classical Greek and Roman texts. The Renaissance was a secular movement (less emphasis on religions, more worldly). Ideas were spread by the printing press
Artistic: Use of perspective to make art more 3-dimentsional. Michelangelo, Donatello, Leonardo da Vinci, and Raphael were great masters.
Economic: Merchant class develops power through trade and banking.
Religious: Christian humanists want to improve society through faith and good works, not religious ceremony. Increase attention paid to corruption in Catholic Church.
Learn more about the Renaissance. http://goo.gl/mUfwy
Protestant Reformation 1450 – 1750
Political: Europe becomes fragmented, either Catholic or Protestant. The state becomes more powerful than the church. Wars over religion break out in Germany, England, France.
Intellectual: Protestantism encourages education. Rising sense of individualism.
Artistic: More common to paint people and day to day scenes or narrative scenes from Bible; less common to paint saints and icons.
Economic: Growth of economic powers of the middle class; capitalism
Religious: Catholicism is no longer foundation of society; Catholic counter-reformation establishes Jesuits, etc.; use of vernacular increases; persecution of both Catholics and Protestants; the Inquisition begins in Spain
Learn more about the Reformation. http://goo.gl/pDVeJ
Scientific Revolution 1750 - 1914
Scientific discoveries by Copernicus, Galileo, Boyle, Newton, etc. stem from the curiosity and intellectual freedom sparked by the Renaissance and Reformation. Belief in a rational, orderly universe influences political ideas.
The Enlightenment 1750 – 1914
People like Locke, Rousseau, Montesquieu, and Hobbes searches for laws to govern human behavior. Philosophes applied reasons to all aspects of life, including truth, nature, happiness, progress, and liberty. This led to reforms in government and inspired the American and French revolutions.
Learn more about the Enlightenment. http://goo.gl/smvNsAbolitionist Movements 1750-
1914 In the 1800s, slavery and the slave trade were slowly abolished worldwide.
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Username: air35wheels
Username: air35wheels
Created by Amy Mount, Tyler ISD [email protected]
14
Describe the development and impact of science and technological innovations
Invention Time Period
Impact
Printing Press 1450 – 1750
Invented by Johannes Gutenberg, the printing press allowed for the mass production of printed materials, spreading ideas and movements like the Protestant Reformation and increasing literacy rates.
Steam Engine 1750 – 1914
Invented by James Watt, the steam engine allowed for the development of factories, the railroad, etc.
Learn more about the inventions of the Industrial Revolution. http://goo.gl/d1OJ2
Textile Manufacturing
1750 – 1914
Several inventions allowed for the transition from cottage industry to commercial industry in textile (cloth) manufacturing. These included the spinning jenny and the power loom. The textile industry was the first to industrialize in the Industrial Revolution.
Military technology 1914 – Present
During World War I and World War II, several new technologies were invented. During WWI, these included the machine gun, mustard gas, etc. During WWII, atomic weapons were invented. These inventions modernized warfare and created more casualties than previous wars.
Telecommunications 1914 – Present
Telecommunications includes the development of mass communication via satellites, computers, the Internet, and television. This allows culture and news to spread quickly and cheaply around the world.
Computer 1914 – Present
Small computers were originally developed to fit into space capsules and then were adapted for consumer use. Computers and the internet allow people to transmit information and complete business transitions quickly and cheaply.
Modern Transportation
1914 – Present
Different types of transportation, like airplanes, bullet trains, supertankers, and interstate highways in the US, allow for people and goods to move quickly across the world.
Modern Medicine 1914 – Present
The invention of medicines like penicillin and technologies like ultrasounds, CAT scans, and MRIs, allows doctors to treat more illnesses and preserve human life more than ever before in history.
Recognize the historical context reflected in various sources of information When interpreting primary and secondary source documents, it is important to consider the historical context, or background information about author and the time and place in which the document was written. To help you remember what elements to consider, use the acronym APPARTS.
A – Author – Who created the source? What do you know about the author? What’s the author’s point of view?
P – Place and Time – Where and when was the source produced? How might this affect the meaning of the source?
P – Prior Knowledge – What else do you know that would help you understand the primary source?
A – Audience – For whom was the source created and how might this affect the reliability of the source?
R – Reason – Why was the source produced when it was produced?
T – The Main Idea – What point if the source trying to convey?
S – Significance – Why is this source important? What inferences can you draw from this document? As yourself, “So what?” in relation to the question asked.
Use the APPARTS method to analyze the primary source in this released EOC question.
A
P
P
A
R
T
S
Created by Amy Mount, Tyler ISD [email protected]
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Level III – Advanced Evaluate the impact of intellectual and social movements, religion, technological innovations, and economics on armed conflicts, political revolutions, and the development of political systems This criterion for success is about understanding cause and effect. You’ve learned about intellectual and social movements, religion, technological innovations, economics, armed conflicts, political revolutions, and the development of political systems. The test writers want to know if you can effectively connect the events together in history. An example is the Protestant Reformation and the American and French Revolution. The Protestant Reformation was a time when the structure of society and politics in Europe was threatened. People emerged from this more willing to question authority and seek answers outside of religion. During the Scientific Revolution, people began to question the working of the universe and apply laws to nature. This led to philosophers to consider the laws of society, a time period known as the Enlightenment. Enlightenment philosophies were one cause the American and French Revolution. Practice connecting these events. Invention of the steam engine Imperialism Karl Marx’s Communist Manifesto The Cold War Indian Caste System Mohandas Gandhi Can you think of another connection? Evaluate the impact of intellectual and social movements, religion, technological innovations, and politics on the development of economic and trade systems Economic and trade systems are products of the societies in which they operate. They can be influenced by various factors.
Factor How It Influences Economic / Trade Systems
Intellectual and Social Movements
Karl Marx wrote “The Communist Manifesto” as a criticism of abuses during the Industrial Revolution. His ideas would later be transformed into state-wide economic systems in the USSR, Cuba, etc.
The Renaissance sparked curiosity about the world outside of Europe, inspiring merchants to travel to Asia to trade. One merchant, Christopher Columbus, “discovered” the Americas as a result. Learn more about Columbus and exploration. http://goo.gl/sNnHu
Religion Missionaries seeking to spread their religion use establish trade routes and encourage further trade.
Religion influenced the slave trade. Muslims would not buy slaves who were also Muslims. Christian morality played a large part in the abolition of the slave trade in the Americas.
Technological Innovations
Inventions both increase the number and production rate of goods and speeds up the transportation of goods from one place to another.
Politics Because governments rely on tax money to operate, supporting economics and trade is a central concern of all political systems. Political systems can adopt communism, socialism, or free market, etc. economies to support their goals.
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Analyze changes and continuities in social, political, economic, and cultural systems History changes frequently, but some things stay the same throughout time. Changes tend to be easy to see and understand. Turning points, or major changes, mark the shift from one era to the next. World History is divided into 6 eras. Continuities tend to be related to core beliefs or values. For example, one aspect that continues in all of human history is the belief in religions or the use of technology. These aspects may change over time, but the core idea is still there. Use your knowledge of social studies to complete the chart below.
Era How is this era different from the last? What changes? How is this era the same as the last? What stays the same?
8000 – 600 BC
n/a n/a
600 – 500 BC
600 – 1450 AD
1450 – 1750 AD
1750 – 1914 AD
1914 – Present
Analyze historical justifications and interpretations through the examination of multiple and varied sources There will be numerous primary and secondary source passages on the EOC. One task you’ll be asked to do is to examine the primary source to identify reasons why something happened in history. Here are two examples from the released EOC questions.